1. Non-Spontaneous Reactions
1.1. An endergonic reaction (also called a nonspontaneous reaction or an unfavorable reaction) is a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and energy is absorbed. The total amount of energy is a loss (it takes more energy to start the reaction than what is gotten out of it) so the total energy is a negative net result.
2. Laws of Thermodynamics
2.1. First Law of Thermodynamics
2.1.1. The first law of thermodynamics, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred or changed from one form to another.
2.1.1.1. This law says that there are two kinds of processes, heat and work, that can lead to a change in the internal energy of a system. Since both heat and work can be measured and quantified, this is the same as saying that any change in the energy of a system must result in a corresponding change in the energy of the surroundings outside the system.
2.1.1.1.1. In other words, energy cannot be created or destroyed. If heat flows into a system or the surroundings do work on it, the internal energy increases and the sign of q and w are positive. Conversely, heat flow out of the system or work done by the system (on the surroundings) will be at the expense of the internal energy, and q and w will therefore be negative.
2.1.1.2. ΔU=q+w
2.2. Second Law of Thermodynamics
2.2.1. The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of any isolated system always increases.
2.2.1.1. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium—the state of maximum entropy of the system. More simply put: the entropy of the universe (the ultimate isolated system) only increases and never decreases.
2.2.1.1.1. Example: a room, if not cleaned and tidied, will invariably become more messy and disorderly with time – regardless of how careful one is to keep it clean. When the room is cleaned, its entropy decreases, but the effort to clean it has resulted in an increase in entropy outside the room that exceeds the entropy lost.
2.2.1.2. ΔSuniv=ΔSsys+ΔSsurr≥0
2.2.1.3. Second Law of Thermodynamics
2.3. Third Law of Thermodynamics
2.3.1. The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
2.3.1.1. The entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all cases is determined only by the number of different ground states it has
2.3.1.1.1. Specifically, the entropy of a pure crystalline substance (perfect order) at absolute zero temperature is zero. This statement holds true if the perfect crystal has only one state with minimum energy.
2.3.1.2. Third Law of Thermodynamics
3. Spontaneous Reactions
3.1. A spontaneous reaction is a reaction that favors the formation of products at the conditions under which the reaction is occurring.
4. Difference
4.1. The main difference between spontaneous and nonspontaneous reactions is that spontaneous reactions release free energy from the system, making it more stable whereas nonspontaneous reactions increase the total energy of the system.
5. Enthalpy, Free Energy and Entropy
5.1. Gibbs free energy is the energy associated with a chemical reaction that can do useful work. It equals the enthalpy minus the product of the temperature and entropy of the system.
5.1.1. At constant temperature ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
5.1.1.1. ΔG predicts the direction of a chemical reaction. If ΔG is negative, then the reaction is spontaneous. If ΔG is positive, then the reaction is non-spontaneous.
6. Ana Garcia and Gabriel Hipolito
7. Gibbs Free Energy
7.1. Definition
7.1.1. a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum of reversible work that may be performed by a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure.
7.1.1.1. Analogy
7.1.1.1.1. Estimate the temperature where ΔG = 0 for the following reaction: (Given: ΔH = -176 kJ and ΔS = -284.5 J/K) CAUTION: Beware of units. NH3(g) + HCl(g) ---> NH4Cl(s)
8. Enthalpy
8.1. Definition
8.1.1. is the heat absorbed by a system during a constant-pressure process.
8.1.1.1. Analogy
9. Entropy
9.1. Definition
9.1.1. a measure of the randomness (disorder) in a system (state function)
9.1.1.1. Analogy
9.1.1.1.1. Take a campfire for example. The solid wood burns and becomes ash, smoke and gases, all of which spread energy outwards more easily than the solid fuel
10. System vs. Surrounding
10.1. System
10.1.1. The collection of matter that is being studied
10.2. Analogy
10.2.1. Take a thermos for example. The inner chamber of the thermos, where liquid is stored, is the system. The surrounding, then, would be the outer layers of the thermos, that work to keep energy in the thermos, but always absorb some of the thermos' energy eventually.
10.3. Surrounding
10.3.1. Anything that is surrounding the system
11. Reversible vs. Irreversible
11.1. Reversible
11.1.1. Reversible processes involve no change in entropy, so they can be reversed with no extra energy input without breaking the Second Law of Thermodynamics
11.1.1.1. Analogy
11.1.1.1.1. Heat transfer between a reservoir and a system is an externally reversible process if the surface of contact between the system and reservoir is at the same temperature
11.2. Irreversible
11.2.1. Irreversible processes increase entropy of their surroundings. If you were to put everything back the way it was, there must still have been an increase in entropy somewhere in the universe that makes ΔS ≥ 0.
11.2.1.1. Analogy
11.2.1.1.1. An egg falling on the floor and cracking open, spilling its contents in the process.
12. State Function
12.1. Definition
12.1.1. A state function or function of state or point function is a function defined for a system relating several state variables or state quantities that depends only on the current equilibrium state of the system, for example a gas, a liquid, a solid, crystal, or emulsion.
12.1.1.1. Analogy
12.1.1.1.1. Imagine you are attempting to scale a 4,000 foot mountain. You can either hike, bike, or ride a train to reach the peak. Despite all; three of these options involving varying amounts of energy, the end result will always be the same - you will reach the peak of the mountain. This is an example of a state function, because no matter how you got to the top, you still scaled 4,000 feet.
13. Work
13.1. Definition
13.1.1. Work is defined as the quantity of energy that is transferred from one system to another.
13.1.1.1. Analogy
13.1.1.1.1. When an individual strikes a punching bag, they are transferring energy from their fist and onto the punching bag. This transfer of energy is known as "work."