1. Monarchie's Affirmation
1.1. Undivided rule or absolute rule of sovereignty by a single person
1.2. Congress of Vienna
1.2.1. 18 september 1814 -> 9 juin 1915
1.2.2. multiple goals
1.2.2.1. reorganization of borders
1.2.2.2. restore monarchy
1.2.2.3. financial benefits
1.2.2.3.1. free movements of ships
1.2.2.4. gain territories for some of the countries
1.2.2.4.1. on the contriary of these countries France lost power and lands
1.2.2.5. create a strong and stable, a geopolitical equilibrum
1.2.2.6. reshare Napoléon's empire
1.2.2.7. make of Catholisism the only religion
1.2.3. Metternich
1.2.3.1. against new ideas
1.2.3.1.1. other religions than Catholisism
1.2.3.1.2. republic
1.2.3.2. creator of the congress of Vienna
1.2.4. only the countries that defeated Napoléon
1.2.4.1. Russia, Prussia,Autria
1.3. Italy is occuped by Austria 1816-1848
1.3.1. 1/3 of Italy is directly controled by Austria
1.3.1.1. italy depends on austrian military forces
1.3.1.2. church's sates are protected by Austria
1.3.1.3. austrian king
1.3.1.4. increase the taxes and send soldiers to collect them
1.3.2. only 2 states are undependant on Austria
1.3.3. Italian territoires are divided by Austria wich inrease Austria's leverage
1.3.4. Austria controls Italy with a strict policy
1.3.4.1. spys at work
1.3.4.2. censure
1.3.4.3. pro monarchic ideas
1.4. 1814 charter
1.4.1. Criticizes the French Revolution
1.4.2. Represses any kind of violence
1.4.2.1. Prevents an urpising against the monarchy
2. Nationalism
2.1. Ideology based on the premise that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual or group interests
2.2. Greece independence (1821-1829)
2.2.1. why?
2.2.1.1. same religion
2.2.1.1.1. Christianism / Ottomans : Islamism
2.2.1.2. same culture
2.2.1.2.1. same language: Greek / Ottoman: Tiurkish
2.2.1.2.2. same history and origin
2.2.1.3. Political reasons
2.2.1.3.1. Is against monarchy
2.2.1.3.2. Inferior to Ottomans
2.3. Italy
2.3.1. Resigimento
2.3.1.1. Guiseppe Mazzini
2.3.1.1.1. rebels against Austria
2.3.1.1.2. sees italy as a republic
2.3.1.1.3. wants the reunification of Italy
2.3.1.1.4. founder of Young Italy
2.3.1.1.5. exiled in 1830
2.4. The French revolution of 1848
2.4.1. The thinkers and the people want to change the values of the society
2.4.1.1. « Les citoyens doivent aimer la Patrie, servir la République, la défendre au prix de leur vie »
3. Liberalism
3.1. 1830 Revolution
3.1.1. The 1814 is reviewed in order to be more liberal
3.1.1.1. Every French citizens are equals before the law no matter what their titles or social classes are
3.1.1.1.1. censorship removed
3.1.1.1.2. Catholicism => not the state religion
3.2. a political philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed, and equality before the law.
3.3. Charles X dissolves the chamber mostly liberal => elected by the people
3.4. Louis Philippe: liberal cousin of Charles X is made king
4. Revolution and inserruction
4.1. a change in the way a country is governed, usually to a different political system and often using violence or war, revolting against civil authority
4.2. The three Glorious Days
4.2.1. Charles X reduces freedom and establishes censorship
4.2.1.1. Press calls for resistance, in order to make the people earn their rights back
4.2.1.1.1. Barricades are errected
4.2.1.1.2. Violent riots (+1000 deaths)
4.2.1.1.3. Charles X surrenders, is exiled
4.2.1.1.4. Louis Phillipe takes the throne
4.3. The French revolution in 1848
4.3.1. social revolution in terms of demands and modes of action
4.3.1.1. bad working/living conditions, agricultural failure, unemployement
4.3.1.1.1. invasion of the assembly on the 15th of May 1848
4.3.1.1.2. 3 days of violent fight against the army in the street (using barricades) from the 23rd to the 26th of July
4.3.1.2. The people asked for the proclamation of the right to work
4.4. Rissigimento
4.4.1. Carbonari activists
4.4.1.1. july 1820
4.4.1.1.1. force the king to make a constitution
4.4.1.2. mars 1821
4.4.1.2.1. forced the king to abdicate and replace him by a liberal king
4.5. Chartism in Great Britiain in the 19th century
4.5.1. Political demands
4.5.1.1. The Chart of William Lovett
4.5.1.1.1. Annual vote for each constituency to represent them at the Parliament (no matter his social and economic conditions)
4.5.1.1.2. The universal suffrage annual vote
4.5.2. Social demands
4.5.2.1. want better conditions of living and working
4.5.2.2. equality for everybody (except women)
4.5.3. Even if the movement is more peaceful, they use the same ways of acting as in the revolution
5. the governement heard their demands but didn't apply them or were cancelled by the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte
6. Demonstrations
6.1. a peaceful movement made by one to show one disagree with someone's ideas
6.2. Chartism in Great Britain in the 19th century
6.2.1. Assembly of chartists sharing their ideas and talking about their philosophy
6.3. The French revolution of 1848
6.3.1. gathering on "La place de la Concorde" on the 22nd of February to protest the right to vote
6.3.1.1. Massive chartists rallies from May to August 1838
7. European revolutional help
7.1. Philhellenism (love for all the Greeks)
7.1.1. Chios massacre (23 000 deaths)
7.1.1.1. shocks painters - Eugène Delacroix
7.1.1.2. shocks poets - Victor Hugo
7.1.2. Intellectual support Greeks
7.1.2.1. Lamartine gave his money to Greek
7.1.2.2. Gave a speech to the higher court
7.1.3. Europeans have a common culture with the Greeks
8. Propaganda
8.1. use of the media or the press to promote a political cause or point of view.
8.2. Chartism in Great in Britain in the 19th century
8.2.1. used newspaper including "The Northern Star" in order to find more followers and spread their ideology