1. Voltammetry
1.1. Voltammogram: The graph of Current vs Electrode potential
1.2. Current
1.2.1. Faradaic Current : Current associated with electrochemical reactions.
1.2.2. Non- faradaic Current (Charging current) : Charge/Current is not associated with electrochemical reactions.
1.3. Pathway of general electrode reaction
1.4. Mass Transfer : Nernst Plank Equation
1.5. Voltammetric Methods
1.5.1. Cyclic Voltammetry
1.5.2. AC Voltammetry
1.5.3. Microelectrode Voltammetry
1.5.4. Rotating Disk
1.5.5. Sampled Current Voltammetry
1.6. Voltammeric Response
1.6.1. Steady-state response
1.6.2. Time-dependent (Transient) Response
1.7. Electrode Systems
1.7.1. Two Electrode System
1.7.1.1. Working Electrode
1.7.1.2. Reference/Counter Electrode
1.7.2. Three Electrode System : Consists of Working Electrode, Reference Electrode & Counter Electrode
1.8. Polarography: Voltammetry with a dropping mercury working electrode.
1.8.1. Mercury electrode : Oxidation/Anode
1.8.2. Platinum(Pt)/ Gold (Au) Electrode: Reduction/Cathode
1.9. Amperometry : Current is prportional to [Analyte ]
2. Basic Concepts of electrochemistry
2.1. Half Cell
2.1.1. Half Cell reactions
2.1.2. Zn Electrode : Anode/ Oxidation reaction, Cu Electrode : Cathode/ Reduced reaction
2.1.3. Cell Notation
2.1.4. Electrode potential @ standard state E cell = E right - E left, if E cell >0 , Reaction is spontaneous.
2.1.5. Gibbs Free Energy of a reaction
2.1.6. Electrode Potential @ non-standard state "Nernst Equation"
2.2. Types of electrodes
2.2.1. Working Electrode/ Indicator Electrode
2.2.1.1. Active electrode (Metals)
2.2.1.2. Inactive electrode (Carbon/Platinum)
2.2.2. Reference Electrode
2.2.2.1. Ideal reference electrode : Constant potential , Zero impedance.
2.3. Faraday's Law of electrolysis
3. Potentiometry
3.1. Principal of Potentiometry
3.1.1. Working Electrode/Indicator Electrode
3.1.1.1. Electrodes of the first kind : Pure metal electrode equilibrium with its ion
3.1.1.2. Electrode of Second kind : Metal electrode responds to anion that forms precipitate/ complex with metal ion.
3.1.1.3. Electrodes of the third kind : Metal electrode respond to another competition reaction.
3.1.2. Common Error in Potentiometry : Liquid Junction Potential
3.1.2.1. Type I
3.1.2.1.1. Liquid Junction Potential
3.1.2.2. Type II
3.1.2.2.1. Liquid Junction potential
3.1.2.3. Type III
3.1.2.3.1. Liquid Junction Potential
3.1.3. Liquid /Polymer Membrane ISE
3.1.3.1. Elements of ISE
3.1.3.2. Types of ISE
3.1.3.2.1. Ideal ISE
3.1.3.2.2. Real ISE
3.1.3.3. Generic ISE calibration curve
3.1.3.4. Types of Membrane Active Species : Dissociated ion-exchangers , Charged carriers , Neutral carriers and Reactive carriers.
3.1.3.5. Discovery of Erno Pretsch : Replace inner filling solution of ISE with a metal ion buffer.
3.1.3.5.1. Metal-Ion Buffer
3.1.3.5.2. Metal-Ion Buffer Continued.