1. Gas Chromatography
1.1. Organic analytes must me thermally stable
1.2. Packed and capillary columns
1.3. Sample Injections
1.3.1. Split injection
1.3.2. Splitless injection
1.3.3. On-column injection
1.4. WCOT versus SCOT
1.5. Temperature has an impact on the programming of the substance
1.6. Flame Ionization Detector (FID)
1.6.1. CH + O <--> CHO- + e-
1.6.2. Eluate is burned in H2 and air
1.6.3. Cations and electron produced change current between electrodes
1.7. GC-MS (Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry)
2. Chromatography theory
2.1. Second law of thermodynamics
2.1.1. entropy increases, the opposite of separation
2.1.2. Separation: differential transport of sample components from a shared region to different regions, while allowing dilution to take place
2.1.2.1. |a| + |b| + |c| + |d|
2.2. Gas versus Liquid chromatography (HPLC)
2.3. Plate theory versus Rate Theory
2.3.1. Plate theory is a chromatographic column as though it was a 'static' system in equilibrium; each species exhibits an equilibrium between the mobile and stationary phase
2.3.2. Rate theory: The Van Deemter Equation
2.3.2.1. H= A + B/u + u[Cm + Cs]
3. HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography)
3.1. Normal Phase versus Reversed Phase
3.1.1. Normal: Stationary - High polarity (hydrophilic), Mobile - low polarity (hydrophobic)
3.1.2. Reversed: Stationary - low polarity (hydrophobic), Mobile - high polarity (hydrophilic)
3.2. Packing Particle
3.2.1. Need dp to be small to minimize A and Cm
3.2.2. Smaller particle sizes yield higher overall peak efficiencies and much wider range of usable flow rates
3.3. Reverse phase Chromatography
3.3.1. Mode of separation
3.3.2. Medium consists of hydrophobic ligands chemically granted to a porous, insoluble beaded matrix
3.4. Stationary Phase
3.4.1. Decreasing Hydrophobicity/Increasing polarity
3.4.2. Increasing retention of non-polar analytes