cell structure

1. Microscopy!

1.1. Equations! Magnification = image size/ object size Size of view= diameter/ cells

1.2. Light microscopes How? ~ light rays shine through a glass slide Power? ~ x1000 Resolution? ~ 200nm

1.3. Electron microscopes How? ~ electrons pass through a dead sample dispersed Power? ~ x 1,000,000 Resolution? ~1nm

2. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

2.1. Prokaryotic! • no true nucleus • free DNA • 0.1^-5um

2.1.1. Eukaryotic! • nucleus • 10- 100um • organelles

3. Diffusion:

3.1. Is the spreading out of particles from high to low concentrations until evenly spread out

4. Osmosis

4.1. Movement of water particles from low to high concentration through a partially permeable membrane

5. Cell cycle

5.1. 1. Cells grow

5.2. 2. DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosomes

5.3. 3. Further growth, DNA is checked and repaired if needed

5.4. 4. Mitosis, chromosomes move apart and two nuclei form.

5.5. 5. Cytoplasm divides into two new cell membranes separate to give off two identical cells

5.6. 6. Temporary cell resting. ( no division)

6. Specialised cells

6.1. A cell that has become more differentiated and has become a cell with a specialised shape.

6.2. ° differentiate early ° plant cells differentiate through life ° different sub-cellular structures

7. Stem cell

7.1. What?? • Undifferentiated cells • found in bones and embryos • not specialised

7.2. Used in! • Dementia ( nerve ) • lukemia ( bone marrow ) • heart failure ( cardiac cells ) • burns ( skin cells ) • paralysis ( nerve cells ) • cardiac arrest ( cardiac cells )

7.3. Banks ! • leftover IVF // placenta • immune system trys to destroy. • immune suppressant drugs • Increased chance of infection • embryos have a right to life • high success when treating

8. Cells

8.1. Bacterial cells! ▪︎nucleoid ( irregularly shaped in a prokaryotic cells ) ▪︎ holds DNA/ Genes ▪︎ no nuclear membrane

8.2. Key words: Nucleus- brain of the cell Cell membranes- controls the door of the cell, what can go in and out Cell wall- support/ structural feature Cytoplasm- makes easy passages Mitrochondria- provides energy/ takes in nutrients Vacuoles- stores water/ keeps shape Chloroplasts- absorbs light for photosynthesis Ribosomes- where proteins made

8.3. Plant cells! Have: • mitochondria • cell wall • cytoplasm • cell membrane • nucleus • vacuole • chloroplasts

8.3.1. Animal cells! Have: • ribosomes • nucleus • cell membrane • cytoplasm • mitrochondria

9. Mitosis

9.1. What is it? New cells made by cell division into genetically identical daughter cells

9.2. 1. Chromosomes inside nucleus membrane copies itself to make two joined strands.

9.3. 2. Chromosomes move to line up across middle of the cell ( equator )

9.4. 3. Joined strands separate and moved to each side of the cell

9.5. 4. New nuclear membrane formed around chromosomes

9.6. 5. New nuclei formed to form new daughter cells