1. Chapter 8
1.1. What can fossils do?
1.1.1. Fossils can document evolution of life the placement of a fossil can. leads to a lot of details about that specific organism
1.2. What are fossils?
1.2.1. Fossil is latin for dug up. Fossils are often in sedimentary rock and encase bones or other organism
1.3. Fossils are found in different types of rock. Sedimentary rock covered in caves with sediments or types of soil, sand, rock. Volcanic Ash covers bodies preserving remains. Sometimes DNA can be found within fossils such as teeth and bones
2. Chapter 9
2.1. Primate origins
2.1.1. Ancient primate fossils can be found in many continents. Fossil records demonstrate three key developments: emergence of first primates, origins of higher primates-anthropoids origins and evolution of major anthropoid groups.
2.2. Early Anthropoids
2.2.1. Basal Anthropoids: found between Asia and Africa
2.2.2. Eosimias-dawn monkey: Asian and Africa
2.2.3. Biretia: Egypt, 37 million years old may have started in Asia went to Africa
2.3. New World Primates
2.3.1. Earliest monkeys evidence of Perupithecus found in Santa Rosa, Peru 36 mya. Followed by Branisella found in Salla, Bolivia 26 mya
3. Chapter 10
3.1. Early Hominins
3.1.1. Ardipithecus ramidus: Behavior similar to life of chimpanzee part-time biped and knuckle-walker.
3.1.2. Australopithecus afarensis: some key features bipedal, small, non-honing canine, large molars no language, phalanges same length as modern human, and shoulder joints angled like modern humans.
3.2. What are the difference between humans and apes?
3.2.1. Bipedalism or upright walking Non-honing chewing Material culture Speech Hunting & cooperation Domestication of plants & animals
4. Chapter 11
4.1. Homo Halibus
4.1.1. AKA handy man Increased use of material culture larger brain rounded skull Reduced chewing complex. Evidence of increase tool use stone tools found at many H. habilis sites muscles and precision grip
4.2. Homo Erectus
4.2.1. Foundin Africa, Asia & Europe
4.2.2. Anatomy: Larger brain small back teeth low, long, thick skull with small chewing muscles, and small brow ridge
4.2.3. Used tools for butchering–Used fire for cooking and fire allowed for H. Erectus to spread, and increased access to high quality foods and brain development.
5. Chapter 12
5.1. Modern Humans
5.1.1. Above the neck: High vertical forehead, small browridges, small face, small teeth, and prrojecting chin
5.1.2. Below the neck: gracile and narrower bones
5.1.3. Early Homo Sapiens
5.1.3.1. Large and robust, longs and low skull, browridgeis massive, and brain case 1,100 cc
5.1.3.2. H. sapiens and H. erectus had extensive material culture
5.1.3.3. Reductionin face, jaws, and back teeth, tools changed the way teeth were used–Increased reliance on front teeth for eating and as tools
6. Chapter 13
7. Chapter 1
7.1. What is Anthropology:
7.1.1. The study of humankind, viewed from the perspective of all people and all times
7.1.2. four branches or subdisciplines: cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and physical anthropology, also called biological anthropology (
7.2. What is physical anthropology
7.2.1. Physical anthropology is the study of human biological evolution and human biocultural variation
7.3. What makes humans different from animals?
7.3.1. There are six tributes which are bipedalism, non-honing chewing, complex material culture and tool use, hunting, speech, and dependence on domesticated foods
8. Chapter 2
8.1. How did the theory of evolution start?
8.1.1. Charles Darwin collected evidence in his trip to the Galapagos Island with finches
8.1.2. Darwin drew information from 5 scientific disciplines. They were geology, paleontology, taxonomy, systematics, and demography
8.2. Mechanisms of Inheritance, the Evolutionary Synthesis, and the Discovery of DNA
8.2.1. Mendelian inheritance The basic principles associated with the transmission of genetic material, forming the basis of genetics, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.
8.2.2. Evolutionary Synthesis: A unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection.
8.2.3. The sun can cause mutations
9. Chapter 3
9.1. Every organism has at least one.cell
9.1.1. The cell is the basic unit of life
9.2. Organisms having cells with no internal compartments are called prokaryotes
9.3. Organisms with internal compartments separated by membranes are called eukaryotes.
9.4. Genetic Code
9.4.1. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) An important cellular molecule, created by the mitochondria and carrying the energy necessary for cellular functions
9.4.2. Two X chromosome is a female and XY is a male
9.4.3. As in DNA replication, transcription begins with enzymes “unzipping” the DNA. Unlike replication, however, transcription uses only one strand of DNA.
9.4.4. prokaryotes: single-celled with no nuclear membranes/organelles + single strand DNA
9.4.5. eukaryotes: multi-celled organism that have a membrane bound nucleus containing both the genetic material + specialized organelles
10. Chapter 4
10.1. Hardy–Weinberg Law:
10.1.1. A mathematical model in population genetics that reflects the relationship between frequencies of alleles and of genotypes; it can be used to determine whether a population is undergoing evolutionary changes.
10.2. Genetic Drift
10.2.1. The random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next, with greater effect in small populations.
10.2.1.1. This is not something that happens all of a sudden but instead takes time to changes in each generation
10.3. Gene Flow
10.3.1. Admixture, or the exchange of alleles between two populations.
10.3.1.1. example, that a population in one place has genes for only brown hair. Members of that population interbreed with an adjacent population, which has genes for only blond hair. After interbreeding for a generation, both populations have genes for blond and brown hair. As a result, when people from either population interbreed with yet another population, they may contribute alleles for brown, blond, or both. pg 117
11. Chapter 5
11.1. Is race real?
11.1.1. Anthropologist have discussed this and they have said no race is not real. The notion of race was based on skin pigmentation and cranial features
11.2. Macroevolution- Large-scale evolution, such as a speciation event, that occurs after hundreds or thousands of generations. Microevolution- Small-scale evolution, such as change in allele frequency from one generation to the next.
11.3. Mutations involving incorrect base pairing are called point mutations
11.3.1. Point- Replacement of a single nitrogen base with another base, which may or may not affect the amino acid for which the triplet codes
11.3.2. Synonymous point mutation- neutral point mutation, creates an altered triplet, but the alteration produces the same amino acid as the original amino acid
11.3.2.1. No change to the Amino acid
12. Chapter 6
12.1. How do we study primates
12.1.1. Taxonomy, anatomy, ecology and geography, and socio-ecology
12.2. what are primates
12.2.1. Primates are adapted to life in the trees-arboreal adaptation.
12.2.2. Primates eat a variety of foods-dietary plasticity.
12.2.3. Primates invest a lot of time and care in a few offspring -parental investment.
13. Chapter 7
13.1. Primate societies
13.1.1. Primates form various long term social relationships such as grooming group, food factions, and travel teams
13.1.2. They express themselves socially through a range of behaviors such as facial feature and they body language
13.1.2.1. Vocalizations are also a way they communicate and they can range from very soft to very loud. Information transmission over short (soft) and long (loud) distances