1. Resource collections
1.1. [Github] Blockchain
1.2. [Github] Awesome Blockchain
1.3. [Mindmap] Blockchain Use cases
1.4. [Investopedia Overview] Blockchain Explained
1.5. [Binance Academy Overview] What is Blockchain Technology?
1.6. [Towards Data Science Overview] A Deep Dive into Blockchain
1.7. Whitepaper Database
2. Blockchain explained
2.1. Terminology Glossary
2.2. Blockchain flow chart
2.3. "Who writes the rules of a blockchain?" -HBS
2.4. Philosophy
2.4.1. "Toward a Philosophy of Blockchain: A Symposium: Introduction"
2.4.2. "The blockchain as a narrative technology: Investigating the social ontology and normative configurations of cryptocurrencies"
2.4.3. "On Public and Private Blockchains" -Vitalik Buterin
3. History
3.1. Seminal papers
3.1.1. "A Certified Digital Signature" -Ralph C. Merkle, 1979
3.1.2. "Untraceable Electronic Mail, Return Addresses, and Digital Pseudonyms" - David Chaum, 1981
3.1.3. "Computer Systems Established, Maintained and Trusted by Mutually Suspicious Groups" -David Chaum, 1982
3.1.4. "How to Timestamp a Digital Document" -Stuart Haber, W. Scott Stornetta, 1991
3.1.5. "Smart Contracts" -Nick Szabo, 1994
3.1.6. "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" -Satoshi Nakamoto, 2008
3.1.7. "Ethereum: A Next Generation Smart Contract & Decentralized Application Platform" -Vitalik Buterin, 2013
3.1.8. "Zerocash: Decentralized Anonymous Payments from Bitcoin" -Eli Ben Sasson et al., 2014
3.1.9. "A Note on Cryptocurrency Stabilisation: Seigniorage Shares" -Robert Sams, 2014
3.1.10. "The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments" -Joseph Poon, Thaddeus Dryja, 2016
3.1.11. "Uniswap v2 Core" -Hayden Adams, Noah Zinsmeister, Dan Robinson, 2020
3.2. Phases of development
3.2.1. "Blockchain 1.0 to Blockchain 4.0—The Evolutionary Transformation of Blockchain Technology"
3.2.2. Blockchain 1.0
3.2.3. Blockchain 2.0
3.2.4. Blockchain 3.0
4. Concerns
4.1. Energy usage
4.1.1. "How Much Energy Does Bitcoin Actually Consume?"
4.1.2. "The Energy Consumption of Blockchain Technology: Beyond Myth"
4.1.3. "Decarbonizing Bitcoin: Law and policy choices for reducing the energy consumption of Blockchain technologies and digital currencies"
4.1.4. "The green blockchain: Managing decentralized energy production and consumption"
4.2. Threats
4.2.1. "Here’s Why Quantum Computing Will Not Break Cryptocurrencies"
4.2.2. "How the Crypto World Is Preparing for Quantum Computing, Explained"
4.2.3. "Quantum computers and the Bitcoin blockchain: An analysis of the impact quantum computers might have on the Bitcoin blockchain"
4.3. Lack of regulation
4.3.1. "Beyond bitcoin: Issues in regulating blockchain tranactions"
4.3.2. "Regulatory issues in blockchain technology"
4.3.3. "7 regulatory challenges facing blockchain"
4.3.4. "Legal Challenges Of Blockchain Technology"
4.3.5. "What is the black market worth — and how much of it is crypto"
5. Practical guides
5.1. For businesses
5.1.1. "Technology & Suppliers: Enterprise Blockchain Essentials Guide"
5.1.2. "A Guide to Blockchain Technology for Business"
5.1.3. "Blockchain Implementation for Your Business"
5.2. For individuals
5.2.1. "Beginners Guide to Blockchain: Getting started in Blockchain Development"
5.2.2. "How to Invest in Cryptocurrency"
5.2.3. "Cryptocurrency Trading 2021: Everything You Need To Know To Start Today"
5.2.4. "Breaking into Blockchain: How to Get a Job in Crypto"
5.2.5. "Want to Buy Crypto? Here’s What to Look for In a Crypto Exchange"
5.2.6. "How You Can Build a Career in Blockchain"
5.3. Communities
5.3.1. IEEE Blockchain technical communities
5.3.2. Complete List of Blockchain Developer Communities
5.3.3. Top Online Crypto Communities
6. Related fields
6.1. Cryptography
6.1.1. Cryptography Basics
6.1.2. Handbook of Applied Cryptography
6.1.3. Cryptography: Theory and Practice
6.1.4. Introduction to Modern Cryptography
6.2. Distributed computing
6.2.1. Distributed computing: fundamentals, simulations, and advanced topics
6.2.2. "The process group approach to reliable distributed computing"
6.3. Web 3.0
6.3.1. "What Is Web 3.0 & Why It Matters"
6.3.2. "Web 3.0 Emerging"
6.3.3. "Defining Web 3.0: opportunities and challenges"
6.3.4. "Comparative Study of Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0"
6.4. Industry 4.0
6.4.1. "Industry 4.0"
6.4.2. "Industry 4.0: state of the art and future trends"
6.4.3. "Industry 4.0: Towards future industrial opportunities and challenges"
6.4.4. "A Complex View of Industry 4.0"
6.5. Game theory
6.5.1. Game Theory
6.5.2. "A primer in game theory"
6.5.3. "Algorithmic game theory"
6.5.4. "Computational aspects of cooperative game theory"
7. Technology
7.1. Frontiers
7.1.1. Scalability
7.1.1.1. "The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments"
7.1.1.2. "RapidChain: Scaling Blockchain via Full Sharding"
7.1.1.3. "Divide and Scale: Formalization of Distributed Ledger Sharding Protocols"
7.1.2. Consensus algorithms
7.1.3. Token economics
7.1.3.1. "Token Ecosystem Creation: A strategic process to architect and engineer viable token economies"
7.1.3.2. Token Taxonomy Framework
7.1.4. Interoperability
7.1.4.1. "Towards a Design Philosophy for Interoperable Blockchain Systems"
7.1.5. Governance
7.1.5.1. "The State of Blockchain Governance: Governance by and of blockchains"
7.1.6. Regulation
7.1.7. Reducing energy consumption
7.2. Blockchains
7.2.1. Consensus protocols
7.2.1.1. Proof of work
7.2.1.1.1. "The Proof-of-Work Concept" -Satoshi Nakamoto Institute
7.2.1.2. Proof of stake
7.2.1.2.1. "A Proof of Stake Design Philosophy" -Vitalik Buterin
7.2.1.2.2. "On Stake" -Vitalik Buterin
7.2.1.3. Practical Byzantine fault tolerance
7.2.1.3.1. "Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance"
7.2.1.4. "Blockchain Consensus Protocols in the Wild"
7.2.1.5. "Survey of Distributed Consensus Protocols for Blockchain Networks"
7.2.2. Ethereum
7.2.2.1. Ethereum Whitepaper
7.2.3. Bitcoin
7.2.3.1. "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" -Satoshi Nakamoto
7.2.3.2. Bitcoin Learning Resources
7.2.4. Hyperledger
7.2.4.1. Hyperledger White Papers
7.2.5. Steller
7.2.5.1. "The Stellar Consensus Protocol: A Federated Model for Internet-level Consensus"
7.2.6. EOS
7.2.6.1. EOS.IO Technical White Paper v2
7.2.7. Tezos
7.2.7.1. "Tezos — a self-amending crypto-ledger"
7.2.8. Tron
7.2.8.1. White Paper 2.0 - TRON
7.2.9. and more
7.3. Related technologies
7.3.1. "Hardware Wallets Explained"
7.3.2. "Hardware requirements of blockchain clients"
8. Decentralized Finance (DeFi)
8.1. Overview
8.1.1. "How Blockchain Is Changing Finance" -HBS
8.1.2. "Blockchain technology in finance"
8.2. Cryptocurrencies
8.2.1. [Medium] Ultimate Cryptocurrency Resource List
8.2.2. [Bitcoin Wiki] Cryptocurrency Resource List
8.2.3. [a16z Podcast] "Crypto, an Oral Essay"
8.2.4. "3rd Global Cryptocurrency Benchmarking Study"
8.2.5. "Blockchain technology: Transforming libertarian cryptocurrency dreams to finance and banking realities"
8.2.6. Stablecoins
8.2.6.1. MakerDAO
8.2.6.1.1. "The Maker Protocol: MakerDAO's Multi-Collateral Dai (MCD) System"
8.2.6.2. Tether
8.2.6.2.1. "Tether: Fiat currencies on the Bitcoin blockchain"
8.2.6.2.2. Tether controversy
8.2.6.3. Paxos
8.2.6.3.1. Paxos Standard: White Paper
8.2.6.4. Gemini
8.2.6.4.1. "The Gemini Dollar: A Regulated Stable Value Coin"
8.2.6.5. True USD
8.2.6.5.1. "TRUSTTOKEN (TRU): Tokenizing real world assets to create fully collateralized fractional ownership"
8.2.7. Wallets
8.2.7.1. MetaMask
8.2.7.2. Coinbase Wallet
8.2.7.3. Gemeni
8.2.7.4. Hardware wallets
8.2.8. Regulations
8.2.8.1. "Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation 2021 | USA"
8.2.8.2. "Cryptocurrency 2021 Legislation" -NCSL
8.3. Prediction marketplace
8.3.1. Augur
8.3.1.1. "Augur: a Decentralized Oracle and Prediction Market Platform (v2.0)"
8.4. Insurance
8.4.1. Nexus Mutual
8.4.1.1. "NEXUS MUTUAL: A peer-to-peer discretionary mutual on the Ethereum blockchain."
8.4.2. iTrust Finance
8.4.2.1. iTrust.finance Whitepaper & Token Economics
8.4.3. Cover Protocol
8.4.3.1. Cover Protocol Product Paper
8.4.4. Etherisc
8.4.4.1. Etherisc White Paper
8.4.5. CoinDCX
8.4.5.1. CarbonDollarX WHITEPAPER
8.5. Investment & Trading
8.5.1. Funds
8.5.2. Airswap
8.5.2.1. "Swap: A Peer-to-Peer Protocol for Trading Ethereum Tokens"
8.5.3. Equilibrium
8.5.3.1. "Equilibrium: #1 decentralized interoperable money market"
8.5.4. Aurox
8.5.4.1. Aurox WHITE PAPER
8.5.5. dYdX
8.5.5.1. "dYdX: A Standard for Decentralized Margin Trading and Derivatives"
8.5.6. Harbor
8.5.6.1. "The Regulated Token™ (R-Token™) Standard"
9. Energy
9.1. Overview
9.1.1. "Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities"
9.1.2. "Building Block(chain)s for a Better Planet"
9.2. Local energy markets/smart grids
9.2.1. "A blockchain-based smart grid: towards sustainable local energy markets"
9.3. Peer-to-peer energy trading
9.3.1. "Energy Crowdsourcing and Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in Blockchain-Enabled Smart Grids"
9.4. Commodity trading
9.4.1. "Can Blockchain Disrupt Energy and Commodity Trading?"
9.5. Ventures
9.5.1. LO3
9.5.1.1. "EXERGY: Business Whitepaper"
9.5.2. Power Ledger
9.5.2.1. Power Ledger White Paper
9.5.3. SolarCoin
9.5.3.1. "SolarCoin: A bockchain-based solar energy incentive"
9.5.4. Energy Web
9.5.4.1. "The Energy Web Chain: Accelerating the Energy Transition with an Open-Source, Decentralized Blockchain Platform"
9.5.5. Suncontract
9.5.5.1. "Suncontract Whitepaper: An energy trading platform that utilises blockchain technology to create a new disruptive model for buying and selling electricity"
10. Internet of Things (IoT)
10.1. Overview
10.1.1. "The Internet of Things: A survey"
10.1.2. IoT White Papers
10.1.3. "Internet of Things for Telecom Engineers: A Report on Current State and Future Technologies" -IEEE
10.1.4. "On blockchain and its integration with IoT. Challenges and opportunities"
10.1.5. "How Blockchain can Unlock the Power of the Internet of Things"
10.1.6. "Blockchain, IoT and AI — A Perfect Fit"
10.1.7. Distributed device management
10.1.8. Commercial transportation
10.1.9. Product tracking
10.2. Supply chain & Logistics
10.2.1. "Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management"
10.2.2. "Building a Transparent Supply Chain" -HBS
10.2.3. "How Blockchain Will Redefine Supply Chain Management" -Knowledge@Wharton
10.2.4. "Blockchain technology for supply chains—A must or a maybe?" -McKinsey & Company
10.3. Ventures
10.3.1. Helium
10.3.1.1. "Helium: A Decentralized Wireless Network"
10.3.2. Chronicled
10.3.2.1. "The Method & Impact of Eliminating Chargeback Errors through Blockchain"
10.3.3. NetObjex
10.3.3.1. IoT Blockchain Platform WHITEPAPER
10.3.4. Hypr
10.3.4.1. "True Passwordless Security White Paper"
10.3.5. Xage Security
10.3.5.1. "Decentralized and Adaptive Security for the New Industrial Edge"
10.3.6. Grid+
10.3.6.1. "Grid+: Welcome to the Future of Energy"
11. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
11.1. Overview
11.1.1. "Blockchain for AI: Review and Open Research Challenges"
11.1.2. "The Fourth Industrial Revolution Built On Blockchain And Advanced With AI"
11.2. Creating diverse data sets
11.3. Data protection & monetization
11.4. Trusting AI decision making
11.5. Ventures
11.5.1. SingularityNET
11.5.1.1. SingularityNET Whitepaper 2.0
11.5.2. DeepBrain Chain
11.5.2.1. "DeepBrain Chain: Artificial Intelligence Computing Platform Driven by BlockChain"
11.5.3. Numerai
11.5.3.1. "Numeraire: A Cryptographic Token for Coordinating Machine Intelligence and Preventing Overfitting"
11.5.4. Matrix AI Network
11.5.4.1. MATRIX Technical Whitepaper
11.5.4.2. The MATRIX 2.0 Green Paper
12. Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)
12.1. Overview
12.1.1. "All About NFTs" -a16z
12.1.2. "NFT Use Cases, Today and Tomorrow" -a16z
12.1.3. "The Creator Economy: NFTs and Beyond" -a16z
12.1.4. "The NFT Gold Rush: How Cryptoartists Kick-Started a Boom" -NYT
12.2. Marketplaces
12.2.1. OpenSea
12.2.2. Rarible
12.2.3. SuperRare
12.2.4. Foundation
12.2.5. AtomicMarket
12.3. Metaverse
12.3.1. "Virtual Products & NFTs in the Metaverse"
12.3.2. "Will NFTs Power The Metaverse?"
12.3.3. NFT World: Gateway to the Metaverse
12.4. Cryptomedia
12.4.1. "Cultural Liquidity: The Rise of Cryptomedia"
12.4.2. Zora
13. Governance
13.1. Overview
13.1.1. "Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary?"
13.1.2. "Governance in Blockchain Technologies & Social Contract Theories"
13.1.3. "Blockchain in government: Benefits and implications of distributed ledger technology for information sharing"
13.2. Voting
13.2.1. "Blockchain-Enabled E-Voting
13.2.2. "What if blockchain technology revolutionised voting?"
13.2.3. "How Blockchain Technology Can Prevent Voter Fraud"
13.2.4. "Going from Bad to Worse: From Internet Voting to Blockchain Voting"
13.2.5. Voatz
13.2.6. Agora
13.2.7. Follow My Vote
13.2.8. SecureVote
13.3. Identity management
13.3.1. "A First Look at Identity Management Schemes on the Blockchain"
13.3.2. "Blockchain Identity Management: The Definitive Guide"
13.3.3. Security tokens
13.4. Public sector
13.4.1. "Blockchains Unchained: Blockchain Technology and its Use in the Public Sector" -OECD
13.4.2. National digital currency
13.4.2.1. "Cryptoassets as National Currency? A Step Too Far"
13.4.2.2. "Why Governments Are Afraid of Bitcoin"
13.4.2.3. "A Global First: Bitcoin as National Currency"
13.5. Legal industry
13.5.1. Smart contracts
13.5.1.1. "Contract law 2.0: ‘Smart’ contracts as the beginning of the end of classic contract law"
13.5.2. Intellectual property rights
13.5.3. Clearing & settlements
13.5.3.1. "Blockchain settlement: Regulation, innovation and application"
13.5.3.2. "Developing Blockchain Real-Time Clearing and Settlement in the EU, U.S., and Globally"
13.6. Prison systems
13.6.1. "Using The Blockchain To Change Prisons" -NPR
13.6.2. "Imprisoned on the Blockchain: How Crypto is Changing the Prison System"
13.7. DAOs
13.7.1. "Decentralized Autonomous Organization to Automate Governance"
13.7.2. DAOHaus's list of DAOs
13.7.3. SingularityDAO
13.7.3.1. "SingularityDAO Governance Whitepaper: Democratised Alpha Generation"
13.7.4. Moloch DAO
13.7.4.1. "The Moloch DAO: Beating the Tragedy of the Commons using Decentralized Autonomous Organizations"
13.7.5. Digix
13.7.5.1. "Digix’s Whitepaper: The Gold Standard in CryptoAssets"
13.7.6. DAO Stack
13.7.6.1. "DAO Stack: An Operating System for Collective Intelligence"
13.7.7. IMMO
13.7.7.1. "IMMO Manifest"
14. Education
14.1. Overview
14.1.1. "Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for education"
14.1.2. "Blockchain-Based Applications in Education: A Systematic Review"
14.2. Records management
14.3. Incentivizing education
14.4. Publishing
14.4.1. "A Framework Proposal for Blockchain-Based Scientific Publishing Using Shared Governance"
14.5. Ventures
14.5.1. Blockcerts
14.5.2. APPII
14.5.3. Gilgamesh Platform
14.5.4. ODEM
14.5.4.1. "Program Staking & Token Architecture"
14.5.5. Sony Global Education
14.5.6. Blockchain Education Network
14.5.7. Disciplina
14.5.7.1. Disciplina White Paper
14.5.8. Parchment
14.5.9. BitDegree
14.5.9.1. BitDegree WHITE PAPER
14.6. OET Blockchian in Education initiatives
14.6.1. Education Blockchain Initiative
14.6.2. Blockchain Innovation Challenge
14.6.3. Education Blockchain Action Network
15. Medicine & Health
15.1. Overview
15.1.1. "Blockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications"
15.1.2. "Blockchain technology: applications in health care"
15.1.3. "Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Systematic Review"
15.2. Health records
15.2.1. "A Case Study for Blockchain in Healthcare: “MedRec” prototype for electronic health records and medical research data"
15.2.2. "Ancile: Privacy-preserving framework for access control and interoperability of electronic health records using blockchain technology"
15.2.3. "Application of blockchain to maintaining patient records in electronic health record for enhanced privacy, scalability, and availability"
15.2.4. Vaccine passports
15.3. Vaccine distribution
15.4. Transparency in clinical trials
15.5. Ventures
15.5.1. BurstIQ
15.5.1.1. "BurstIQ: Bringing Health to Life"
15.5.2. Factom
15.5.2.1. "Factom: Business Processes Secured by Immutable Audit Trails on the Blockchain"
15.5.3. Medicalchain
15.5.3.1. Medicalchain Whitepaper 2.1
15.5.4. Guardtime
15.5.4.1. Guardtime White Papers
15.5.5. Coral Health
15.5.5.1. "Coral Health: The Blockchain for Personalized Medicine"
15.5.6. Robomed
15.5.6.1. Robomed White Paper
15.5.7. Nebula Genomics
15.5.7.1. "Accelerating Genomic Data Generation and Facilitating Genomic Data Access Using Decentralization, Privacy-Preserving Technologies and Equitable Compensation"