1. 3. The wacky history of cell theory - Lauren Royal-Woods
1.1. The Modern Cell Theory
1.1.1. The cell is the smallest living unit in all organismsn
1.1.2. All living things are made of cells
1.1.3. All cells come from other pre-existing cells
1.1.4. Hierarchical Organisation
2. 4. a.i. Cellular Respiration - Khan Academy https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation
3. 2. Plant Cells
3.1. Interactive Cell Models
4. 1. Animal Cells
4.1. Great (simple) video ANALOGY - may also help when you get to CELL STRUCTURE Cell City
5. 4. Cell Requirements p 29 - 31 + PPT #7
5.1. 4. a.Energy
5.1.1. Cellular Respiration -breaking GLUCOSE chemical bonds in turn providing energy for cell.
5.1.1.1. Needs Oxygen + happens all the time.
5.1.1.1.1. Oxygen levels inside cells are LOW, therefore oxygen diffuses into cells from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration in the CYTOPLASM
5.1.1.2. IN CONTRAST - AUTOTROPHS use carbon dioxide. They use the oxygen produced on photosynthesis to release energy from glucose.
5.1.2. Autotrophs are organisms that synthesise GLUCOSE from sun during photosynthesis.
5.1.3. Heterotrophs consume autotrophs for this energy (GLUCOSE)
5.2. 4.b.Need Matter called MACROMOLECULES p31-33
5.2.1. Carbohydrates PPT #8-9
5.2.1.1. C:H:O = 1:2:1
5.2.1.2. Glucose = MONOSACCHARIDE (mono means one). Provides energy for ALL cellular and physiological processes.
5.2.1.2.1. Plants + SOME prokaryotes synthesise glucose in PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Heterotrophs have to consume it.
5.2.1.3. Sucrose + common table sugar = DISACCHARIDE (di means two)
5.2.1.3.1. Quick energy source for animals. Split into glucose + fructose. Causes rapid blood glucose rise.
5.2.1.3.2. In plants - moves around in phloem as sucrose.
5.2.1.4. POLYSACCHARIDES (poly means many) used by organisms for energy reserves and structural components.
5.2.1.4.1. STARCH
5.2.1.4.2. CELLULOSE
5.2.2. Lipids PPT #11
5.2.2.1. Made of FATTY ACIDS + Glycerol = TRIGLYCERIDDES and PHOSPHOLIPIDS.
5.2.2.1.1. Plants make their own - Animals need it in diet.
5.2.2.2. Made from carbon, hydrogen + oxygen INSOLUBLE in water
5.2.3. Proteins PPT #10
5.2.3.1. Amino Acids p31 build PROTEINS
5.2.3.1.1. PROTEINS build structures + enzymes and control chemical reactions that maintain life processes.
5.2.3.1.2. Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen + nitrogen + sometimes sulfur and phosphorus
5.2.4. Nucleic Acids PPT #12-14
5.2.4.1. DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
5.2.4.1.1. Responsible for the 'coding' of all your cells. As cells are copied...so is the DNA of that cell. From DNA to protein - 3D
5.2.4.1.2. Too BIG to leave nucleus, so splits into mRNA (messenger RNA)
5.2.4.2. RNA =ribonucleic acid
5.2.4.2.1. mRNA carries the instructions to synthesise protein in RIBOSOMES in CYTOPLASM
5.2.4.3. DNA and RNA are made of NUCLEOTIDES
5.2.5. AUTOTROPHS can do this, however HETEROTROPHS need to build form consumed (food) organic compounds
5.2.6. IONS + WATER PPT #15
5.2.6.1. Ions
5.2.6.2. Water
5.2.6.2.1. 70% of typical cell
5.2.6.2.2. Vital for chemical activity, as ALL chemical reactions are in AQUEOUS solution.
5.2.6.2.3. Substances dissolve in water
5.2.6.2.4. Water is a reactant in chemical reactions e.g. photosynthesis
6. 7. ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY Endosymbiotic Theory p41-42 + PPT #35-37
6.1. DNA can be found in both the nucleus and mitochondria in Eukaryotic cells.
6.2. The DNA in mitochondria is known as mitochondrial DNA (more on this in Unit 4 – Genetics). It is different to the DNA found in the nucleus and further supports endosymbiotic theory of cell evolution.
6.3. Endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryote cells were formed when a bacterial cell was ingested by another primitive prokaryotic cell (by phagocytosis).
6.4. Mitochondria and chloroplasts may have evolved through this process (they reproduce similarly to bacteria).
7. 9. Microscopy
7.1. Length
7.2. Magnification
7.3. Different Microscopes
8. Single, circular chromosome of DNA – in contact with cytoplasm
9. Introduction to Cells: The Grand Cell Tour
10. 5. Cells need to remove waste p33-34
10.1. Unwanted
10.2. toxic waste from METABOLISM
10.3. E.g. carbon dioxide, oxygen, ammonia, urea, uric acid water ions and heat.
10.4. 5.a.
10.4.1. PROTEIN made from AMINO ACIDS
10.4.1.1. Cannot be stored - BROKEN DOWN by DEAMINATION to provide energy
10.4.1.1.1. Product of this process is AMMONIA
10.4.2. Water PPT #18
10.4.2.1. By-product of respiration
10.4.2.2. Waste product in CONDENSATION reactions. e.g.
10.4.2.3. Excess water impacts on OSMOSIS
10.4.3. Ions PPT #19
10.4.3.1. E.g. Salt
10.4.3.2. Metabolism may produce IONS as waste.
10.4.3.3. Seabirds and marine reptiles secrete concentrated sodium chloride (salt0 solution.
10.4.4. Metabolic Heat PPT#20
10.4.4.1. METABOLISM - chemical reactions that maintain life
10.4.4.2. These reactions produce METABOLIC HEAT.
10.4.4.3. Complex systems to remove or maintain HEAT (link to Chapter 12)
11. 6. a. PROKARYOTE CELLS - 2 of the 3 DOMAINS of living things
11.1. Diagram
11.1.1. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (specialised structures or compartments in a cell with a specific function).
11.1.2. Very small – 1-10 µm in length, 0.2 – 2.0µm diameter
11.1.3. Plasmids (rings of DNA) may be present.
11.1.4. Single cell
12. 6. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells (Updated)
12.1. ADDING 'ic' to ending is describing the cells of an organism, whereas 'E' is describing the organism.
12.2. PRO =NO + EU = DO
12.2.1. Nucleus
12.2.2. Organelles = 'tiny' organs
13. DOMAINS
13.1. SIMILARITIES
13.1.1. Both have DNA
13.1.2. Both have RIBOSOMES
13.1.2.1. Tiny ORGANELLE that makes protein
13.1.3. Both have CYTOPLASM
13.1.4. Both have CELL MEMBRANE/PLASMA MEMBRANE
13.1.4.1. Cell membrane controls what goes in/out of cell to maintain HOMEOSTASIS
13.1.4.1.1. Simple Membrane Structure
13.1.5. CELL WALLS
13.1.5.1. PROKARYOTIC CELLS
13.1.5.2. EUKARYOTIC CELLS
13.1.5.2.1. No cell wall for ANIMAL CELLS
13.1.5.2.2. PLANT CELLS + FUNGAL CELLS have a cell wall
13.2. 6. b. EUKARYOTIC CELL PPT #27 - 33
13.2.1. ANIMAL CELL
13.2.2. PLANT CELL
13.2.3. DOMAIN
13.2.4. 8. CELL STRUCTURE + FUNCTIONS
13.2.4.1. Chloroplast PPT#43
13.2.4.1.1. Photosynthesis
13.2.4.2. Mitochondria in EUKARYOTIC cells PPT #44
13.2.4.2.1. Diagram
13.2.4.2.2. Cellular Respiration starts in CYTOPLASM and finishes in MITOCHONDRIA
13.2.4.2.3. POWERHOUSE for both animal and plant cells.
13.2.4.3. RIBOSOMES PPT #45
13.2.4.3.1. In cytoplasm or attached to ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
13.2.4.3.2. Synthesises (makes) PROTEINS
13.2.4.4. LYSOSOMES PPT #48
13.2.4.4.1. Contain digestive enzymes that break complex compounds (e.g. old organelles) into simpler ones.
13.2.4.4.2. Simpler subunits are used as building blocks for new compounds and organelles
13.2.4.4.3. Garbage collectors - take in damaged or worn out cell parts. Enzymes break down this cellular debris.
13.2.4.5. NUCLEUS
13.2.4.5.1. Contains the DNA (genetic material)
13.2.4.5.2. Contains NUCLEOLUS
13.2.4.6. CYTOPLASM
13.2.4.6.1. 'jelly'-like substance in cell
13.2.4.7. GOLGI BODY (APPARATUS)
13.2.4.7.1. Receives VESICLES (containing PROTEINS) released by ER where they are customised into forms that the cell can use
13.2.4.8. VACUOLES
13.2.4.8.1. 'Sac'-like structures
13.2.4.8.2. Stores different materials
13.2.4.9. CYTOSKELETON
13.2.4.9.1. Helps cell maintain it's shape
13.2.4.9.2. Micro-filaments and micro-tubules made of PROTEIN
13.2.4.10. CHLOROPLAST (plant cells only)
13.2.4.10.1. Where PHOTOSYNTHESIS happens
13.2.4.10.2. Contains GREEN pigment called CHLOROPHYLL
13.3. 6.c. DIFFERENCES
13.3.1. EUKARYOTIC are MORE complex
13.3.1.1. Contain a NUMBER of membrane-bound organelles
13.3.1.1.1. Enables for many reactions to happen at the same time.
13.3.1.2. Larger (https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-biology1/chapter/comparing-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells)
13.3.1.2.1. Length Measurements
13.3.2. PRO = NO nucleus and FREE floating DNA
13.3.3. PRO = NO membrane-bound organelles