1. Language- chapter 4
1.1. What is language ? Language is a system of communication organized by rules that uses symbols such as word sounds and gestures to convey information.
1.1.1. Descriptive linguistics is the study of the sounds, language and their combination into forms that communicate meaning.
1.1.1.1. Languages are heavily involved in the patterns of particular cultures.
1.1.1.1.1. Culture shapes language and language shapes culture
1.1.1.1.2. Languages and gender hold tension in communication because men and women develops different patterns of language use.
1.1.1.1.3. Linguistics anthropologist suggest that conversations between men and women are a form of cords culture communication.
1.1.1.1.4. Sapir-Word hypothesis is the idea that different languages create different ways of thinking
1.1.1.2. Culture and the ways of thinking
1.1.1.2.1. Language is creative and free.
1.1.1.2.2. Lexicon- all the words for names. Ideas, and events that make up a language’s dictionary
1.1.1.3. Sociolinguistics is the study of the ways culture shapes language and language shapes culture
1.1.2. Language does indicate social class with jobs, environment etc…
1.1.2.1. Language diversity has been threaten to diminish by the end of the 21st century
1.2. Like humans, all animals communicate in some way as well.
1.2.1. Anthropologist and primatologist research communication of great apes.
1.2.2. Two concepts that challenge animals: productivity and displacement. Productivity is the linguistic ability to use known words to invent new word combinations. Displacement is the ability to use words to refer to objects not immediately present or events occurring in the past or future.
2. Chapter 8: Gender
2.1. Gender studies : research into masculinity and femininity as flexible, complex and historically and culturally constructed categories
2.1.1. Traditional roles of XX and XY chromosomes differ . Both XX and XY cook. XX cook more at homes and XY cook more at restaurants. Anthropologist are studying how gender is constructed and what implications it offers.
2.1.1.1. Cultural construction of gender: it is the way humans learn to behave and recognize what is a man or women.
2.1.1.2. Masculinity is power and power is embedded in masculinity
2.1.1.3. Gender performance : the way a gender identity is expressed through action.
2.2. Sex: the observable physical difference between male and female
2.2.1. There are 3 primary factors in determining sex. They are genitalia, Gonads and chromosome patterns
2.2.1.1. Transgender : a gender identity or performance that does not fit h cultural norms related to one’s sex assigned at birth
2.2.1.2. Cross culture studies demonstrate differences
2.2.1.2.1. Gender violence : forms of violence shaped by the gender identities of people involved
2.3. Gender: expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people
2.4. Are there more than two sexes ? There is a theory of five sexes
2.4.1. (Anne Fausto sterling 1993)intersexual : an individual who is born with combination of male and female genitalia, gonads and chromosomes
2.4.1.1. The egg and sperm: Emily Martin explored gender ideology that influenced biologist understanding of reproduction
2.4.1.1.1. Sperm is described as aggressive, strongly beating tail, in competition for egg but Martin says that sperm is not an aggressive tacker.
2.4.2. One of the rigid cultural construction is that of sexes, middle sexes force us to rethink gender
2.4.2.1. Alternate sexes and alternate genders
2.4.2.1.1. Religious importance has created a gender category known as Hijra. Religious followers of transgender Hindu
2.5. Gender stratification : unequal distribution of power and access to a groups resources, rights and privileges based on gender.
2.5.1. Gender stereotypes: preconceived notion about the attributes of differences between and proper roles for men and women in a culture
2.5.1.1. Gender ideology: a set of cultural ideas, is usually stereotypical about the essential character of different gender that functions to promote and justify gender stratification
3. Chapter 9: Sexuality
3.1. Sex is everywhere. It can be seen in commercials, tv shows, internet, politics, religious groups and many other things
3.1.1. Human sexuality is a distinct outlier in the animal kingdom
3.1.1.1. Bonobos, dolphins and humans are the only mammals that have sex for fun rather than for procreation
3.1.1.1.1. Finding the right sexual partner creates lust. Building a relationship ( dopamine, serotonin )
3.1.2. Things that constitutes sec is kissing, petting, oral sex, anal penetration is not sex, vaginal Intercourse is sex.
3.2. Sexuality is the complex range of desires, beliefs and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural arena within which people debate about what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right and natural
3.2.1. Intersection of sexuality and biology: Helen fisher explored biology of human sexuality. She explored the chemistry of sexuality and love
3.2.1.1. Culture simply guides and limits our sexual imagination. Each category ( homosexual, Herero, gay, straight) can limit or create access to social benefits health care and others
3.2.1.1.1. Same gender ( Mati Work) in Suriname. Believe in an either or sexual identification
3.2.2. Machismo and sexuality in Nicaragua: manhood is constantly being threatened. They need to perform machismo. Machismo means strong and aggressive.
3.2.2.1. Machista - sexual conquest of whoever a si le and penetrator. Power and sexuality intersect. These are cross cultural examples of the panorama sexuality .
3.2.2.1.1. Sexology: gathered many subjects about Herero and homo which created binary sexuality
3.3. People construct sexual desires and behaviors because of sex education in school or might be because of school
3.3.1. Heterosexuality : attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the opposite sex
3.3.1.1. Homosexuality: attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the same sex
3.3.1.1.1. Bisexuality: attraction to and sexual ration with members of both sexes
3.3.1.2. Heterosexuality needs to be perceived as a variation of sexuality .
3.3.1.2.1. Janathan Katz had stated that heterosexuality is a recent creation
3.3.2. Michel Foucault sexuality and power : institutions like government and religious leaders attempt to regular marriages, divorce, reproduction and LGBTQ rights .
4. Chapter 12: Global Economy
4.1. Students were starting to occupy an administration building in protest of multilateral intuitions
4.1.1. Economy : a cultural adaption to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available land , resources and labor to satisfy their needs and to thrive.
4.1.1.1. Rivoli, as an economist thought of globalization and the benefits of trade as a good thing
4.2. Commodity chain : hands an item passes through between producer and consumer
4.2.1. 1st: Rivoli located sherry manufacturers of Fort Lauderdale, where she was printed and distrubuted
4.2.1.1. 2nd : she reacted the T shirt back to a manufacturer in China, where her t shirt was one year of 25 million T’s shipped from China that year
4.2.1.1.1. Finally she traced the cotton production to Lubbock Texas
4.3. Industrial agriculture : are profit driven for agribusiness. Intensive massive mechanization. Heavy use of agrochemicals.
4.3.1. Mass production, large forest. Exploitive largor practices, antibiotics for animals.
4.3.1.1. Carrying capacity: the number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region.
4.3.1.2. Reciprocity: the exchange of resources, goods, and services among people, or relatively equal status, meant to create and reinforce social ties.
4.3.1.2.1. Generalize reciprocity: exchange not carefully calculated or expected in timely manner.
4.3.1.2.2. Balanced reciprocity: gift accepted and returned in an expected timeframe.
4.4. Patterns of distribution
4.4.1. Redistribution: form of exchange, in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and re-allocated in a different pattern.
4.4.1.1. Governments, tax, and re-distribute portions of wealth and provide goods and services for example parks, roads, food.
4.4.1.2. Market exchange: pattern of distribution an exchange, heavily influenced by economic market, focused on buying and selling of goods and services.
4.4.1.2.1. Prices for goods and services are not decided where they are grown. It is based on economic change for example, money.
5. Chapter 10: class and inequality
5.1. Class : a system of power based on wealth, income and status that created an unreal distribution of society’s resources.
5.1.1. Egalitarian societies are group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence
5.1.1.1. Reciprocity: the exchange of resources and services among people of relatively equal status meant to creative and reinforce social ties.
5.1.1.2. This creature a network of sharing and caring. It is also the largest part of our species history has been spent in egalitarian society.
5.1.1.2.1. Anthropologist have studied egalitarian societies among contemporary hunter gather groups like Ju/Hownsi.
5.2. Karl Marx : Bourgeoisie and proletariat
5.2.1. The Industrial Revolution changed government policies and forced poor rural families who farmed to move to urban centers
5.2.1.1. Bourgeoisie: Marxist term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production.
5.2.1.1.1. Means of production: the factories machines, tools, raw materials, land and financial capital needed to make things.
5.2.1.1.2. These two type of identity more important than the gender, color or ethnicity of people.
5.2.2. Marx argues this hunters the development of class consciousness which is a Poltical awareness of their common position in the economy that would allow them to unite to change the system.
5.2.2.1. Pierre Bourdieu: education and social reproduction
5.2.2.1.1. Education was linked to social mobility which is the movement of one’s class position, upward or downward in stratified societies.
5.3. Max Weber: prestige and life chances
5.3.1. Prestige : the reputation, influence and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups.
5.3.1.1. It affected the way people are treated in social situations and access to social network and to people of wealth.
5.3.1.1.1. Life chances: this also determines their life chances which is their opportunities to improve quality of life and realize life goals.
5.4. Keith Mullings : intersectionality’s among race, gender and class.
5.4.1. Keith applied a holistic perspective of pregnant women working class. Infant mortality of black women is twice that if white counterparts ( Harlem birth right project)
5.4.1.1. Intersectionality: and analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification
5.5. Poverty as a pathology: it is a sign of dysfunctional behavior, dysfunctional attitude and values.
5.5.1. Oscar Lewis researched five families in Mexico. Without a culture of poverty they would have no culture at all.
5.5.1.1. Daniela Moynihan: trace roots of poverty to slavery.
6. “ all that is solid melts into air and all that is sacred becomes profane”
6.1. Religion masks the material condition and exploitation
6.1.1. Anthropology has a history of studying culture where magic is practiced and witches are real.
6.1.1.1. Magic is the use of spells, words and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways either for good or evil.
6.1.1.1.1. James Frazer
6.1.1.1.2. Imitative- ritual performance that achieves efficacy by imitating the desired magical result
6.1.1.1.3. Contagious: ritual words or performances that achieve efficacy as certain materials that come into contact with one person carry a magical connection that allows power to be transferred from person to person
6.1.1.1.4. Magic is not irrational but it is highly organized rational and logical system
7. What is anthropology ?chapter 1
7.1. Study of human
7.1.1. Greek words : anthropos and logos which is thought and reasoning
7.1.1.1. Linguistic anthropology: the study of human language in the past and in the present.
7.2. Human culture
7.2.1. Four field approach : the use of four interrelated disciplines to study humanity: physical anthropology, archeology, linguistic anthropology, and culture Al anthropology
7.2.1.1. - Descriptive linguistics - those who analyze languages and their component parts - Historic linguistics- those who study how language change over time within a culture and how languages travel across cultures - Sociolinguists- those who study language in it’s social and cultural context
8. Culture- chapter 2
8.1. Culture is a system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts and institutions that are created, learned and shared by a group of people
8.1.1. Norms/ values / symbols/mental maps of reality/ structure of power
8.1.1.1. Base is created by culture involving ideas of age, kinship, sexuality, race, religion, class and legal status
8.1.1.1.1. Symbols are anything that signifies something else . They can be random. ( languages, clothing, tattoos, , money, gestures)
8.1.2. Culture is learned and taught (Guest 36) (cultural institutions like schools, media, medical systems, religion are molders)
8.1.2.1. Marriage : who can we marry?
8.1.2.2. Cultural norms can impact our lives by deciding who we should and shouldn’t marry
8.1.2.2.1. Values : fundamental beliefs about what is important, true or beautiful. Values are cultural tools.
8.1.2.3. Marriage: is a culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that established rights then obligations between them and their children.
9. Religion: chapter 15
9.1. Religion is a set of beliefs and rituals, based on a unique vision of how the world ought to be, often focused on a supernatural power, and lived out in community.
9.1.1. Edward Tylor believed that cultures initial concepts on the supernatural related to death and dreaming
9.1.1.1. The dream world is a place where essence travels to
9.1.2. Belief in a soul
9.1.2.1. Myths and stories that reflect on the meaning and purpose of life is the origins and humans place in the universe.
9.2. Religion= meaning,difference,power,love, sexuality, mortality, origins, kinship
9.2.1. Marty = a person who sacrificed his or her life for the sake of his or her religion
9.2.1.1. Saint : an individual who is considered exceptionally close to god and is exalted after death
9.2.1.1.1. Rite of passage: a category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another
9.2.2. Ritual activities that reinforces and explores collects beliefs are connected to religion
9.2.2.1. Powerful symbols( rituals)
9.2.2.1.1. Emile Durkheim: the sacred and the profane. Sacred means anything that is considered holy. Profane means anything that is considered not holy.
9.2.2.1.2. Ritual: an act or series of acts regularly repeated over the years for generation that embody the beliefs of a group of people, and create a sense of continuity and belonging.
9.2.2.2. Rituals that are repeated over and over until they become part cultural and religious identity
9.2.3. Activities are weekly mass, baptism, weddings, funerals
9.2.4. Karl Marx
9.2.4.1. Religion as “ the opiate of the masses”
9.2.4.2. Karl Marx’s theories pushed anthropologist to study religion and power
9.3. Max Weber believed that ideas can be equally powerful
9.3.1. He researched how religious belief created exploitive capitalism
9.3.1.1. Calvinist believed faith was displayed through discipline and hard work which was valued very much.
9.3.1.1.1. 1. traditional religion, based on magic led by Shaman.
9.3.1.1.2. 2. charismatic religion based on the persuasive power of prophets.
9.3.1.1.3. 3. rational religion based on the legal codes of conduct.