1. Language is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.
1.1. The Key Features of Human
1.1.1. Language
1.1.2. Arbitrariness
1.1.3. Semanticity
1.1.4. Displacement
1.1.5. Cultural transmission
1.1.6. Productivity
1.1.7. Creativity
1.1.8. Discreteness
1.1.9. Duality of Patterning/Ambiguity
2. Language:
2.1. Phonetics
2.2. Grammar
2.3. Syntax
2.4. Semiotix
2.5. Semantix
2.6. Lexis
2.7. Morphology
3. David Crystal Linguistics
3.1. "psychological gap between linguistics & philology has been great. It still is in some parts of the world, particularly on the continent of Europe"
3.2. "inguists would get very emotional if they were called philologists by mistake. And many philologists will look with pity at the new discipline (linguistics) which lacked (in their opinion) the decades of painstaking textual analysis on which their approach was based"
4. The Main Schools of Linguistics in the 20th Century
4.1. **Swiss-oriented group** (Charles Bally Albert Sechehaye);
4.2. **Slavist group centered in Prague** (Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, Nikolay Trubetzkoy & Roman Jakobson, Kari Buhler, Vilem Mathesius);
4.3. **Danish school**
4.4. **The British school of Linguistics ** (Daniel Jones & David Abercrombie; John Rupert Firth, Michael Halliday & John Lyons; S. Pit Corder & Peter Strevens; Harold Palmer, Michael West, Louis G. Alexander)
4.5. **The USA** (Franz Boas, Edward Sapir & Benjamin Lee Worf, Leonard Bloomfield, Noam Chomsky
5. Linguistic Study
5.1. Traditional Grammar
5.1.1. Dates back from Greco-Roman times.
5.1.2. It was writing centered (Littera scripta manet).
5.1.3. It was prescriptive.
5.1.3.1. It also included the study of etymology.
5.1.4. It was linked with such things as the art of composition, the study of literature and the art/humanities, traditional logic & philosophy.
5.2. Philology
5.2.1. It was diachronic.
5.2.2. It was descriptive.
5.2.3. It was comparative.
5.3. Linguistics
5.3.1. It was mainly synchronic.
5.3.2. It studied language in the form it existed.
5.3.3. It studied modern languages.
5.3.4. It based on the notions of 'system' & "structure".
5.3.5. It was linked with 'human' science; there many schools in linguistics.
6. Linguistic compretence
6.1. Linguistic knowledge
6.1.1. Knowledge of the Sound System
6.1.2. Knowledge of Words
6.1.3. Knowledge of Sentences
6.2. Linguistic awareness
6.2.1. What you know about a language.
6.3. Linguistic performance
6.3.1. How you use this knowledge in actual speech production and comprehension.
7. Approaches to Language Study
7.1. Descriptivism.
7.1.1. Linguistic approach to language that aims to describe the rules that govern what people do or can say. It is an objective description of language
7.2. Prescriptivism.
7.2.1. Linguistic approach to language that aims to prescribe the rules what people should and should not say. It is rather subjective? As it focuses on a "correct" use of language.