1. UNIT 1 MODULE 2 LESSON 2
1.1. Chamical Change
1.1.1. atoms for chemical reactions and change into something new
1.2. chemical reactions
1.2.1. it is the reaction of atoms mixing
1.3. chemical Equations
1.3.1. the equation for atoms
1.4. products
1.4.1. the final answer
1.5. reactents
1.5.1. It is what forms the product
1.6. coeficiants
1.6.1. Multiplying things with an algebrac expresssion
1.7. Antoine lavoiser
1.7.1. he invented the law of conservation mass
1.8. law of conservation mass
1.8.1. Atoms never get destroyed or added
1.9. atomic mass
1.9.1. the mass of compounds
2. Unit 1 Module 2 Lesson 3
2.1. Chemical Potential Energy
2.1.1. the chemical bonds of energy stored in a substance
2.2. endothermic reaction
2.2.1. chemical reaction that absorbs heat form the enviroment
2.3. exothermic reaction
2.3.1. an energy released in light and heat
2.4. concentration in reactions
2.4.1. Increasing the consentration between reactants
2.5. Law of conservation of energy
2.5.1. energy can neither be created or destroyed
3. UNIT 2 MODULE 1 LESSON 3
3.1. CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
3.1.1. 2 plates come together
3.2. DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
3.2.1. 2 tectonic plates move away from each other
3.3. TRANSFORM BOUNDARY
3.3.1. plates slide sideways of each other
3.4. SUBDUCTION
3.4.1. sideways and downward movement of earths crust
3.5. FAULT
3.5.1. a rock formation
3.6. FAULT BLOCK MOUNTAINS
3.6.1. tension between the crust causing a fault
3.7. VOLCANO
3.7.1. spews out lava from the crust when crust slide over each other
3.8. VOLCANIC ARK
3.8.1. a chain of volcanoes
3.9. EARTHQUAKE
3.9.1. shaking of the crust caused by a volcanic eruption or movements in earths crust
3.10. FAULT ZONE
3.10.1. a cluster of parallel faults
3.11. LANDSLIDE
3.11.1. masses of earth debris moves down a slope
3.12. TSUNAMI
3.12.1. violent sea floor movement causing massive waves the size of buildings
3.13. IMPACT CRATER
3.13.1. a meteorite colides with earth
4. UNIT 2 MODULE 1 LESSON 4
4.1. Physical Weathering
4.1.1. weathering caused by physical damage
4.2. Frost Wedging
4.2.1. rocks being broken into smaller pieces from frozen things.
4.3. Plant Action
4.3.1. Biological weathering is caused by the movements of plants and animals. For example, a rabbit can burrow into a crack in a rock making it bigger and eventually splitting the rock, or a plant may grow in a crack in a rock and, as its roots grow, cause the crack to widen.
4.4. Abrasion
4.4.1. rocks being worn down by friction and impact
4.5. Wind Abrasion
4.5.1. sandblasting causing smooth surfaces
4.6. Water Abrasion
4.6.1. rock beds become smooth from constant friction.
4.7. Glacial Abrasion
4.7.1. ice and glaciers sliding over bedrock.
4.8. Chemical Weathering
4.8.1. breakdown of rocks by chemical reactions.
4.9. Oxidation
4.9.1. chemical process of losing elecations and gaining oxygen
4.10. Hydrolysis
4.10.1. water breaks down chemical bonds
4.11. Carbonation
4.11.1. adding carbon dioxide to a liquid
4.12. Erosion
4.13. Deposition
4.13.1. solid turns into gas
4.14. Small Scale Erosion
4.14.1. a splash erosion describes a tiny raindrop going into soil
4.15. Surface runoff
4.15.1. flow of water over the ground surface.
4.16. Coastal Erosion
4.16.1. loss of land from the beach
4.17. Large Scale Erosion
4.17.1. from the microscopic erosion of rock surfaces by chemical weathering to the large-scale erosion of mountain ranges by rivers and glaciers.
4.18. Mass Wasting
4.18.1. down hill movement of soil
4.19. global movement
5. UNIT 2 MODULE 1 LESSON 5
5.1. rock
5.1.1. A relatively hard, naturally occurring mineral material.
5.2. mineral
5.2.1. a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties.
5.3. Crystallization
5.3.1. the process of formation of solid crystals from solution, melt or by deposition directly from a gas phase
5.4. Igneous extrusive rock
5.4.1. formed from magma forced into older rocks at depths within the Earth's crust.
5.5. Igneous extrusive rock
5.5.1. produced when magma exits and cools above (or very near) the Earth's surface.
5.6. Sedimentary rock
5.6.1. formed from deposits of pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organism that accumulate on the Earth's surface
5.7. Lithification
5.7.1. he process in which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid rock
5.8. Compaction
5.8.1. the exertion of force on something so that it becomes more dense. "an ice core, formed by compaction of previous snowfalls, constitutes a historical record of the local climate"
5.9. Cementation
5.9.1. a process of altering a metal by heating it in contact with a powdered solid, especially a former method of making steel by heating iron in contact with charcoal.
5.10. Metamorphic rock
5.10.1. Metamorphic rocks started out as some other type of rock, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form.
6. UNIT 2 MODULE 1 LESSON 2
6.1. Ocean Floor topography
6.1.1. The topography of the ocean floor is called bathymetry. Bathymetry shows the depth of water in oceans, rivers, and lakes and they are set up very similarly to topographic maps.
6.2. Mid ocean ridges
6.2.1. Ocean trenches are long, narrow depressions on the seafloor. These chasms are the deepest parts of the ocean—and some of the deepest natural spots on Earth.
6.3. Isochron Maps
6.3.1. An isochrone map in geography and urban planning is a map that depicts the area accessible from a point within a certain time threshold.
6.4. Seafloor spreading
6.4.1. Seafloor spreading is a geologic process in which tectonic plates—large slabs of Earth's lithosphere—split apart from each other. Seafloor spreading and other tectonic activity processes are the result of mantle convection. Mantle convection is the slow, churning motion of Earth's mantle.
6.5. Magma
6.5.1. Magma is extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth's surface. Earth has a layered structure that consists of the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. Much of the planet's mantle consists of magma. This magma can push through holes or cracks in the crust, causing a volcanic eruption.
6.6. Lava
6.6.1. When a volcano erupts, the molten rock (or magma) that comes out of the Earth is called lava. Because lava is so hot (more than 1,100 degrees C, over 2,000 degrees F), it remains molten and flows across the ground until it cools and hardens into rock.
6.7. Plate Tectonics
6.7.1. large slabs of rock that divide Earth's crust, move constantly to reshape the Earth's landscape. The system of ideas behind plate tectonics theory suggests that Earth's outer shell (lithosphere) is divided into several plates that glide over the Earth's rocky inner layer above the soft core (mantle).
7. UNIT 2 MODULE 1 LESSON 1
7.1. Pangea
7.1.1. From about 300-200 million years ago (late Paleozoic Era until the very late Triassic), the continent we now know as North America was contiguous with Africa, South America, and Europe. They all existed as a single continent called Pangea.
7.2. Continental Drift
7.2.1. the movement of continents resulting from the motion of tectonic plates.
7.3. Rock formation evidence
7.3.1. Rapid global formation of sedimentary rock beds is evidence that the earth is thousands of years old. The major formations of the earth's crust are sedimentary rock beds. These were formed by rapid erosion, transportation, and deposition by water.
7.4. Glacial features evidence
7.4.1. More evidence comes from glacial striations – scratches on the bedrock made by blocks of rock embedded in the ice as the glacier moves. These show the direction of the glacier, and suggest the ice flowed from a single central point.
7.5. Coal Deposit evidence
7.5.1. The presence of coal indicates that the continent was once inhabited by many organisms. It also gives a clue that Antarctica was once located near the equator where abundant animal and plant organisms could be found.
7.6. Fossil Evidence
7.6.1. Fossil evidence provides a record of how creatures evolved and how this process can be represented by a 'tree of life', showing that all species are related to each other. Fossils can also be used to date rocks.
7.7. Alfred Wegener
7.7.1. Alfred Lothar Wegener was a German climatologist, geologist, geophysicist, meteorologist, and polar researcher.
8. UNIT 2 MODULE 2 LESSON 1
8.1. Earthquakes and plate boundaries
8.1.1. Earthquakes occur along fault lines, cracks in Earth's crust where tectonic plates meet. They occur where plates are subducting, spreading, slipping, or colliding. As the plates grind together, they get stuck and pressure builds up. Finally, the pressure between the plates is so great that they break loose.
8.2. Richter Magnitude scale
8.2.1. The Richter scale (/ˈrɪktər/), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Francis Richter and presented in his landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale".
8.3. Magnitude is expressed in whole numbers and decimal fractions. For example, a magnitude 5.3 is a moderate earthquake, and a 6.3 is a strong earthquake. Because of the logarithmic basis of the scale, each whole number increase in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in measured amplitude as measured on a seismogram.
8.4. Moment magnitude scale
8.4.1. Moment is a product of the distance a fault moved and the force required to move it.
8.5. Tsunami
8.5.1. A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami
8.6. Modified Mercalli intensity scale
8.6.1. estimates the shaking intesity of an earthquake
8.7. Pancaking
8.7.1. buildings pillars break down and a building collapes on itself
8.8. Liquefaction
8.8.1. Liquefaction takes place when loosely packed, water-logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose their strength in response to strong ground shaking
8.9. Landslide
8.9.1. rock and debris slide down a hill or mountain.
9. UNit 2 modulew 2 lesson 2
9.1. volcano belts
9.1.1. A volcanic belt is a large volcanically active region. Other terms are used for smaller areas of activity, such as volcanic fields. Volcanic belts are found above zones of unusually high temperature where magma is created by partial melting of solid material in the Earth's crust and upper mantle.
9.2. hot spots
9.2.1. A hot spot is an area on Earth over a mantle plume or an area under the rocky outer layer of Earth, called the crust, where magma is hotter than surrounding magma. The magma plume causes melting and thinning of the rocky crust and widespread volcanic activity.
9.3. mudflow
9.3.1. A mudflow, also known as mudslide or mud flow, is a form of mass wasting involving fast-moving flow of debris and dirt that has become liquified by the addition of water. Such flows can move at speeds ranging from 3 meters/minute to 5 meters/second
9.4. lava flows
9.4.1. streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent.
9.5. volcanic ash
9.5.1. Small jagged pieces of rocks, minerals, and volcanic glass the size of sand and silt (less than 1/12 inch or 2 millimeters in diameter) erupted by a volcano are called volcanic ash.
9.6. volcanic gasses
9.6.1. Ninety-nine percent of the gas molecules emitted during a volcanic eruption are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The remaining one percent is comprised of small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and other minor gas species.
9.7. pyroclastic flows
9.7.1. a hot (typically >800 °C, or >1,500 °F ), chaotic mixture of rock fragments, gas, and ash that travels rapidly (tens of meters per second) away from a volcanic vent or collapsing flow front
9.8. predicting volcanoes-gas
9.8.1. measured at the site or, in some cases, from a distance using satellites
9.9. predicting volcanoes- deformation
9.9.1. Scientists monitoring an active volcano will often measure the tilt of the slope and track changes in the rate of swelling.
9.10. predicting volcanoes-ground vibration
9.10.1. Most ground deformation is subtle and can only be detected by tiltmeters, which measure the angle of a volcano's slope.
9.11. predicting volcanoes-remote sensing
9.11.1. any volcano observatories use a system that analyses satellite data from NASA's MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensors.
9.12. predicting volcanoes-lava collection
9.12.1. Changes in concentrations of carbon and sulfur gases might signal the arrival of a new batch of magma, or molten rock
10. unit 2 module 2 lesson 3
10.1. hurricane
10.1.1. Hurricanes are powerhouse weather events that suck heat from tropical waters to fuel their fury.
10.2. Tornado
10.2.1. Tornadoes are violently rotating columns of air, extending from a thunderstorm, which are in contact with the ground
10.3. Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale
10.3.1. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 to 5 rating based on a hurricane's sustained wind speed
10.4. Enhanced Fujita Damage Intensity scale
10.4.1. he EF Scale incorporates 28 damage indicators (DIs) such as building type, structures, and trees.
10.5. flood
10.5.1. overflow of water on land causing major damage
10.6. drought
10.6.1. land has ow amount of water and is dry
10.7. Drought hazard - soil erosion
10.7.1. The action of runoff and wind exacerbates the rate of soil erosion in drought prone areas. Further, drying of soil creates cracks which reduce the moisture and volume of soil.
10.8. Drought hazard - decrease in water supply
10.8.1. Drought impacts on water utility operations range from loss of water supply to increased costs and reduced revenues. Drought resilience for water utilities includes the ability to respond to immediate water supply threats, as well as considering long-term conditions and planning for permanent solutions.
10.9. Drought hazard - agricultural impact
10.10. Meteorologists
10.10.1. Meteorology is the science concerned with the Earth's atmosphere and its physical processes. A meteorologist is a physical scientist who observes, studies, or forecasts the weather.
10.11. Drought hazard - wildfires
10.11.1. During drought conditions, fuels for wildfire, such as grasses and trees, can dry out and become more flammable. Drought can also increase the probability of ignition and the rate at which fire spreads.
11. Unit 3 - Module 1 - Lesson 1
11.1. Natural resource
11.1.1. wind, water, and sunlight are natural resources made from the earth
11.2. Ores
11.2.1. crystals, rocks, and gemstones from the under ground
11.3. Renewable Resources
11.3.1. wind, water, and sunlight are renewable because they never run out
11.4. nonrenewable resources
11.4.1. oil, natural gas, and coal are nonrenewable because they are all made of things that are not dirrectly from the earth
12. Unit 3 - Module 1 - Lesson 3
12.1. mining
12.1.1. you use mining to achieve the minerals from earth
12.2. Dwindling Deposits
12.2.1. deposits of unrenewable recouses running out
12.3. Mineral Supplies
12.3.1. supplies of minerals underneath the ground
12.4. Fossil fuel extraction
12.4.1. oil and coal are extracted from the ground
12.5. Groundwater overdraft
12.5.1. groundwater withdrawn from aquifers are unable to be replaced from excessive pumping
13. unit 3 - module 1 - lesson 2
13.1. Hydrothermal deposits
13.1.1. deposits of water
13.2. Subduction Zones
13.2.1. plate of earth under another plate
13.3. Distribution of minerals
13.3.1. minerals being created by subduction zones due to extreme heat and chemical reactions
13.4. Soil
13.4.1. it is used for plants.
13.5. 5 Factors of soil formation
13.5.1. bacteria, weather, parent material, and time
13.6. Formation of Coal
13.6.1. coal is creaeted by dead plants and non renewable
13.7. Formation of Oil and Natural Gas
13.7.1. oil and gas is created by dead animals
13.8. Porosity
13.8.1. how much space is in rocks
13.9. Permeability
13.9.1. how long it takes for water to go through soil
13.10. Groundwater
13.10.1. water underneath soil
13.11. Groundwater distribution
13.11.1. rain goes through soil and creates groundwater
14. Unit 3 - Module 2 - Lesson 1
14.1. material
14.1.1. something that is made of matter
14.2. natural material
14.2.1. matter that is found naturaly from the earth
14.3. synthetic material
14.3.1. material that is changed in the lab to form something different
14.4. reactents to products
14.4.1. materials are combined in a chemical reaction and forms the product/new material
15. Unit 3 - Module 2 - Lesson 2
15.1. Natural Resource Availability
15.1.1. The availability of a resource depends on how much of it there is, how much it costs to get, and where it is located.
15.2. Synthetic Material Production
15.2.1. Synthetic fibres are manufactured using plant materials and minerals
15.3. Individual and Societal impacts
15.3.1. how organizations, businesses or individuals' actions affect the surrounding community
15.4. By-products
15.4.1. a secondary product derived from a production process, manufacturing process or chemical reaction
16. Unit 4 - Module 1 - Lesson 1
16.1. Photosynthesis
16.1.1. the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.
16.2. Epidermal leaf cells
16.2.1. The leaf epidermis in Arabidopsis comprises three cell types: trichomes, pavement cells, and stomata. Trichomes are hair-like structures on the leaf surface that offer a defensive barrier against herbivores and insects
16.3. Cuticle
16.3.1. the outermost layer of plants, which covers leaves, fruits, flowers, and non-woody stems of higher plants
16.4. Stomata
16.4.1. any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.
16.5. Mesophyll Cells
16.5.1. internal ground tissue located between the two epidermal cell layers of the leaf
16.6. Chloroplasts
16.6.1. plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process
16.7. Chlorophyll A and B
16.7.1. Chlorophyll A- It is the most abundant type of chlorophyll, which absorbs light rays of wavelengths of 429 nm and 659 nm most effectively. Chlorophyll B- It is a type of accessory pigment responsible for passing on light energy to chlorophyll a. It is found in plants and green algae.
16.8. Light Cycle
16.8.1. the process by which a plant locates its light source and turns toward it to gather the most energy
16.9. Night Cycle
16.9.1. At night, plants cease performing photosynthesis, the process that converts sunlight, CO2 and other nutrients into a store of energy in the form of starch. While photosynthesis stops, plants turn their focus to respiration.
16.10. Different sugars
16.10.1. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose
16.11. Cellular Respiration
16.11.1. a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP
16.12. Glycolysis
16.12.1. Glycolysis ultimately splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
16.13. Mitochondria
16.13.1. A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi
16.14. Lactic Acid Fermentation
16.14.1. Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process
16.15. Ethanol Alcohol Fermentation
16.15.1. Alcoholic fermentation or ethanol fermentation is a biological method wherein the sugar gets transformed into carbon dioxide and alcohol
17. Unit 4 - Module 1 - Lesson 2
17.1. Producers
17.1.1. They make their own food, which creates energy for them to grow, reproduce and survive
17.2. consumers
17.2.1. animal that eats a producer or animal
17.3. primary consumer
17.3.1. consumer that eats the dirrect source
17.4. secondary consumer
17.4.1. consumer that eats a primary consumer
17.5. teritiary consumer
17.5.1. a teritiary consumer that eats a secondary consumer
17.6. Detritivores
17.6.1. an animal which feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus.
17.7. Food Chain
17.7.1. a hierarchical series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food.
17.8. Food Web
17.8.1. A food web consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem.
17.9. Energy Pyramid / 10 % rule
17.9.1. consumers eat other consumers and only get 10% of their energy
18. Unit 4 - Module 1 - Lesson 3
18.1. carbon cycle
18.1.1. Cellular Respiration
18.1.1.1. a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate
18.1.2. photosynthesis
18.1.2.1. plants create atp with carbon, water, and sunlight.
18.1.3. Sedimentation
18.1.3.1. the process of settling or being deposited as a sediment.
18.1.4. decomposition
18.1.4.1. the process where dead animals or trees get broken down by bacteria.
18.1.5. fossil fuels
18.1.5.1. it is oil or gas and it is non-renewable.
18.1.6. Combustion
18.1.6.1. something that gets crushed
18.2. water cycle
18.2.1. cellular respiration
18.3. nitrogen cycle
19. Unit 4 - Module 2 - Lesson 1
19.1. Biosphere
19.1.1. he biosphere is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists
19.2. Biome
19.2.1. a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g. forest or tundra.
19.3. Ecosystems
19.3.1. An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their physical environment interacting together.
19.4. Communities
19.4.1. A community is a social unit
19.5. Populations
19.5.1. A group of individuals of the same species within a community.
19.6. Organism
19.6.1. a living thing
19.7. Abiotic
19.7.1. non living
19.8. biotic
19.8.1. living
19.9. Limiting Factor
19.9.1. A limiting factor is anything that constrains a population's size and slows or stops it from growing
19.10. Biotic Potential
19.10.1. the maximum reproductive capacity of an organism under optimum environmental conditions
19.11. carrying capacity
19.11.1. living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation.
19.12. Overpopulation
19.12.1. a situation in which the Earth cannot regenerate the resources used by the world's population each year
19.13. Extinction
19.13.1. a species of an animal that has died out
19.14. Endangered Species
19.14.1. a species that is dying out
19.15. Threatened species
19.15.1. species that is being killed by humans and dying out and a species is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future.
20. Unit 4 - Module 2 - Lesson 2
20.1. Symbiosis
20.1.1. a mutually beneficial relationship between different people or groups.
20.2. Commensalism
20.2.1. an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.
20.3. Parasitism
20.3.1. Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
20.4. Mutualism
20.4.1. symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved.
20.5. Cooperative Relationships
20.5.1. Cooperative relationships arise from a history of mutually beneficial interactions between individuals
20.6. competitive Relationship
20.6.1. a relationship in which two parties are dealing in similar products, operations, or services pursue their interests at the expense of each other
20.7. Predator-prey relationship
20.7.1. one species eats the other. The predator is the species that does the eating. The prey is the one that gets eaten. Predator/prey relationships are important links in food webs.Jul
21. Unit 4 - Module 2 - Lesson 3
21.1. Ecological succession
21.1.1. Ecological succession is the process by which the mix of species and habitat in an area changes over time.
21.2. Climax Community
21.2.1. An ecological community in which populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment
21.3. Primary succession
21.3.1. Primary succession happens when a new patch of land is created or exposed for the first time.
21.4. Secondary succession
21.4.1. Secondary succession happens when a climax community or intermediate community is impacted by a disturbance.
21.5. Eutrophication
21.5.1. Eutrophication is the process in which a water body becomes overly enriched with nutrients, leading to the plentiful growth of simple plant life
21.6. dynamic equilibrium
21.6.1. a state of balance between continuing processes.
21.7. Resource Extraction
21.7.1. The extraction of resources refers to the withdrawing of materials from the environment for human use, including fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal), rocks and minerals, biomass via deforestation and fishing and hunting, and water.
21.8. Pollution
21.8.1. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of any substance or energy. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants
21.9. Nonnative species
21.9.1. Non-native species are organisms that do not occur naturally in an area, but are introduced as the result of deliberate or accidental human activities