Research Topic: Energy Transfers Within The Heart and Cardiovascular System
TOPIC: Energy Transfers Within The Heart And Cardiovascular System
1. General Cardiology
1.1. Cardiology - A medical specialty and a branch of internal medicine concerned with disorders of the heart (Oxford Languages).
1.1.1. Definition of Field
1.1.2. Terms and Definitions
1.2. Cardiologist - A doctor who specializes in the study or treatment of heart diseases and heart abnormalities (Oxford Languages).
1.2.1. Definition of Feidl Specialist
1.2.2. Terms and Definitions
2. General Cardiological Terminology
2.1. Cardiovascular System -Pumps blood from the heart to the lungs in order to provide oxygen. The heart then delivers oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via arteries. The veins return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart to restart the circulation process (covered below).
2.1.1. Definition and Synopsis/Function of Cardiovascular System
2.1.2. Terms and Definitions
2.2. Arteries - Any of the muscular-walled tubes that are part of the circulatory system and carry oxygenated blood from the heart to all regions of the body.
2.2.1. Definition and Synopsis/Function of Arteries
2.2.2. Terms and Definitions
2.3. Veins - Any of the tubes that are part of the body's blood circulation system that convey oxygen-depleted blood toward the heart and general cardiovascular system.
2.3.1. Defintion and Synopsis/Function of Veins
2.3.2. Terms and Definitions
2.4. Capillaries - Any of the branching blood vessels that connect the network between the arteries and veins.
2.4.1. Definition and Synopsis/Function of Capillaries
2.4.2. Terms and Definitions
3. Gerneral Cardiovascular Disorders
3.1. Heart Attack - A abrupt and occasionally fatal occurence of coronary thrombosis (oxygenated blood flow blockage), usually resulting in the death of a portion of a heart muscle.
3.1.1. Definition and Synopsis of Heart Attack
3.1.2. Terms and Definitions
3.2. Heart Failure - A chronic disorder in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs for blood and oxygen.
3.2.1. Definiton and Synopsis of Heart Failure
3.2.2. Terms and Definitions
4. General Energy Transfers
4.1. The heart takes energy from the blood in the form of substrates and oxygen and transforms it to energy in the form of energy-rich phospate molecules (ATP and creatine phosphate). This energy is utilized for cell homeostasis, the formation of electrical potentials, and the transport of activator calcium.
4.1.1. Energy Transfers by the Heart
4.1.2. Processes and General Research
4.2. Contraction is powered by the free energy produced from the terminal phosphate bond of ATP during ADP conversion (source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level) . These high-energy bonds are mostly produced by the intramitochondrial process of oxidative phosphorylation. The energy in the carbon bonds of glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, glutamate, and lactic acid powers the power chain; it is converted to ATP and stored as phosphocreatine.
4.2.1. Process of Energy Creation by the Heart
4.2.2. Processes and General Research
4.3. The human heart has the highest energy transfer rate of any organ system, requiring more energy per gram weight than any other. The healthy heart can respond quickly to variations in demand, whereas the failing heart cannot.
4.3.1. Brief Description of Cardiovascular Energy Signfifigance
4.3.2. Processes and General Research
5. Heart Failure Statistics and Information
5.1. Regardless of the underlying etiology/anatomy, the failing human heart is energy drained.
5.2. - About 6.2 million adults in the United States have heart failure (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). - In 2018, heart failure was mentioned on 379,800 death certificates (13.4%) (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). - Heart failure costs the nation an estimated $30.7 billion in 2012. This total includes the cost of health care services, medicines to treat heart failure, and missed days of work (Center for Disease Control and Prevention).
5.2.1. Main Representative Statistics of Heart Failure and Its Areas of Effect
5.2.2. Processes and General Research
6. Research Field and Question
6.1. How can we use the reading and analysis of energy transfers within the heartand general cardiovascular conditions to prevent heart failure?
6.1.1. General Research Question/Topic
6.1.2. Research Basis
6.2. Cardiology (Specifically the Internal Cardiovascular System)
6.2.1. General Research Field
6.2.2. Research Basis
7. General Understanding and Synopsis of Accumulated Research
7.1. Representative Cardiovascular Energy Metabolism Diagram (He et Al, National Library of Medicine).
7.1.1. Representative Research Diagram
7.1.2. General Accumulated Research
7.2. Representative Heart Failure (HF) Diagram regarding Causation and Tangible Effects (He et Al, National Library of Medicine).
7.2.1. Representative Research Diagram
7.2.2. General Accumulated Research
8. Potential Research Solutions
8.1. Rehabilitation Intervention for Individuals With Heart Failure and Fatigue to Reduce Fatigue Impact: A Feasibility Study (National Library of Medicine).
8.1.1. Potential Therapeutic/Rehabilitation Solution via National Library of Medicine
8.1.2. Potential Research Solution
8.2. ¨Replacing the batteries of CIEDs with energy harvesters not only extends their lifetime but also allows the devices to be downsized (Moerke et Al, National Library of Medicine)¨.
8.2.1. Potential Technological Solution via National Library of Medicine
8.2.2. Potential Research Solution
9. Scholary Scources of Interest and Potential Research
9.1. National Libary of Medicine (specifically The Failing Human Heart: Energy Supply, Processing, and Transfer)
9.1.1. Journal Article Library of Potential Research Regarding Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Energy Processeses
9.1.2. Research Source
9.2. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal (specificially Mitochrondrial Function, Heart Failure)
9.2.1. Journal Article Database of Potential Research Regarding Mitochondrial Processing and Heart Failure
9.2.2. Research Source
9.3. American Heart Association (specifically Circulation Research)
9.3.1. Research Study Database and General Association of Potential Research Regarding Circulation Research
9.3.2. Research Source
10. Accumulated Research Sources
10.1. Lopaschuk, Gary D., et al. “Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Heart Failure.” Circulation Research, vol. 128, no. 10, 14 May 2021, pp. 1487–1513, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33983836/, https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318241
10.1.1. Research Source
10.2. Hamilton, Dale J. “Mechanisms of Disease: Is Mitochondrial Function Altered in Heart Failure?” Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, vol. 9, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 44–48, https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcj-9-1-44
10.2.1. Research Source
10.3. Ventura-Clapier, Renée, et al. “Energy Metabolism in Heart Failure.” The Journal of Physiology, vol. 555, no. 1, 15 Feb. 2004, pp. 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.055095
10.3.1. Research Source
10.4. Vendelin, Marko. “Modulation of Energy Transfer Pathways between Mitochondria and Myofibrils by Changes in Performance of Perfused Heart.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 285, no. 48, Nov. 2010,p. 1–11. Journal of Biological Chemistry, www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(20)46700-6/fulltext
10.4.1. Research Source
10.5. Hamilton, D. J. (2017). The Failing Heart: Energy Supply, Processing, and Transfer. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, 13(1), 3–3. https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcj-13-1-3
10.5.1. Research Source
10.6. CORDIS. “CORolla”® - a Disruptive ““Spring Like”” Metallic Device for Permanent Treatment of Diastolic Heart Failure.”” CORDIS | European Commission, 19 Aug. 2022, cordis.europa.eu/project/id/832168.
10.6.1. Research Source
10.7. Luczak, Elizabeth D., et al. “Mitochondrial CaMKII Causes Adverse Metabolic Reprogramming and Dilated Cardiomyopathy.” Nature Communications, vol. 11, no. 1, 4 Sept. 2020, p. 4416, www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18165-6, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18165-6 .
10.7.1. Research Source
10.8. Guzun, Rita, et al. “Modular Organization of Cardiac Energy Metabolism: Energy Conversion, Transfer and Feedback Regulation.” Acta Physiologica, vol. 213, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2015, pp. 84–106, https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12287
10.8.1. Research Source
10.9. Singh, Satnam, et al. “Cardiac Energetic Impairment in Heart Disease and the Potential Role of Metabolic Modulators.” Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics, vol. 7, no. 5, Oct. 2014, pp. 720–728, https://doi.org/10.1161/circgenetics.114.000221
10.9.1. Research Source
10.10. Mariello, Massimo. “Heart Energy Harvesting and Cardiac Bioelectronics: Technologies and Perspectives.” Nanoenergy Advances, vol. 2, no. 4, 6 Dec. 2022, pp. 344–385, https://doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv2040018
10.10.1. Research Source