1. Fossil Evidence
1.1. Fossil evidence shows a record of how creatures evolved and all speices are related to each other.
1.2. Alfred Wegener
1.2.1. Alfred Wegener is best known for his theory on contiental drift.
1.2.2. Contimental drift
1.2.2.1. the movement of continents resulting from the motion of tectonic plates.
1.3. Convergent Boundary
1.3.1. Divergent Boundary
1.3.1.1. when two plates move apart from eachother
1.3.2. when two plates come together.
1.3.3. Transform Boundary
1.3.3.1. Transform Boundaries are where plates slide horizontally past each other.
1.4. Pangnea
1.4.1. A really big continent
2. Fault
2.1. A fault is a break in Earth's crust along which movement occurs.
3. Volcano
3.1. A volcano is a vent in Earth's crust through which molten rock flows. Volcanoes can be as small as a car. They also can be more than 10 km in height.
4. Earthquake
4.1. An earthquake is the rupture and sudden movement of rocks along a break or a crack in Earth's crust. Earthquakes result from the buildup and rapid release of stress along active plate boundries. An earthquake can change Earth's surface quickly and dramatically.
5. Landslide
5.1. A landslide is the rapid donhill movement of soil, loose rocks, and boulders.
6. Impact crater
6.1. Impact craters are giants crates on the Earthl.
7. Frost Wedging
7.1. Mechanical disintegration, splitting or break-up of rocks.
8. Abrassion
8.1. A process of erosion
9. Water Abrassion
9.1. particles in the water collide and bump against one another
10. Chemical weathering
10.1. Changes the molecular structure of rocks and soil.
11. Hydrolysis
11.1. Hydrolysis is an organic chemical reaction that involves adding water to break apart molecules.
12. Erosion
12.1. the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water
13. Small scale erosion
13.1. erosion by water operates (and is studied) over a wide range of spatial scales.
14. Coastal erosion
14.1. Strong wave action
15. Mass wasting
15.1. movement of rock
16. Rock
16.1. A relatively hard, naturally occurring mineral material.
17. Crystallization
17.1. the process of formation of solid crystals from solution, melt or by deposition directly from a gas phase.
18. Igneous intrusive rock
18.1. formed from magma that cools and solidifies deep beneath the Earth"s surface.
19. Lithification
19.1. the process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction or cementation.
20. Cementation
20.1. hardening and welding of clastic sediments (those formed from preexisting rock fragments) by the precipitation of mineral matter in the pore spaces
21. Earthquakes and plate boundaries
21.1. Earthquakes occur along fault lines, cracks in Earth's crust where tectonic plates meet.
22. Earthquake magnitude scale
22.1. Magnitude is expressed in whole numbers and decimal fractions.
23. Modified Mercalli intensity scale
23.1. The Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) estimates the shaking intensity from an earthquake at a specific location by considering its effects on people, objects, and buildings.
24. Liquefaction
24.1. takes place when loosely packed, water-logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose their strength in response to strong ground shaking.
25. Tsunami
25.1. A tsunami is a series of extremely long waves caused by a large and sudden displacement of the ocean, usually the result of an earthquake below or near the ocean floor.
26. Hot spots
26.1. a large plume of hot mantle material rising from deep within the Earth
27. Lava flows
27.1. Lava flows are streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent.
28. Volcanic Gasses
28.1. the fluid gas phase released by active volcanoes, both during eruption and quiescence.
29. Predicting Volcanoes-Gas
29.1. sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and even water vapor (H2O) can be measured at the site or, in some cases, from a distance using satellites.
30. evidence of magmatic fluids moving underground.
31. Predicting volcanoes - Remote Sensing
31.1. often identified in satellite data by strong thermal anomalies and/or the presence of ash and gas in the atmosphere,
32. Hurricane
32.1. A hurricane is a tropical storm with winds that have reached a constant speed of 74 miles per hour or more.
33. Tornado
33.1. A violently rotating column of air touching the ground, usually attached to the base of a thunderstorm.
34. Flood
34.1. An overflow of water onto normally dry land.
35. Drought hazard - soil erosion
35.1. Soil erosion is a gradual process that occurs when the impact of water or wind detaches and removes soil particles, causing the soil to deteriorate. Soil deterioration and low water quality due to erosion and surface runoff have become severe problems worldwide.
36. Drought hazard - decrease in water supply
36.1. the water levels in streams, reservoirs, and groundwater
37. Meteorologists
37.1. study meteorology and spend their days forecasting the weather.
38. Natural resource
38.1. Any natural substance that humans use
38.2. Ores
38.2.1. a naturally occurring mineral containing a valuable constituent (such as metal) for which it is mined and worked.
38.3. Renewable Resources
38.3.1. a resource of which there is an endless supply because it can be replenished
38.4. Nonrenewable resources
38.4.1. coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear energy.
39. Hydrothermal deposits
39.1. the accumulation of minerals in fractures and cavities resulting from the circulation of hot waters in the Earth's crust.
39.2. Subduction Zones
39.2.1. form where a plate with thinner (less-buoyant) oceanic crust descends beneath a plate with thicker (more-buoyant) continental crust.
39.3. Distribution of minerals
39.3.1. related to the transportation and release process.
39.4. Soil
39.4.1. the loose surface material that covers most land.
39.5. 5 Factors of soil formation
39.5.1. Parent material, climate, biota (organisms), topography and time.
39.6. formation of Coal
39.6.1. produced through the ingestion of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid or pantothenate)
39.7. Formation of Oil and Natural Gas
39.7.1. formed underground, over several to tens of millions of years, from prehistoric organisms decomposed by high subterranean heat and microorganisms.
39.8. Porosity
39.8.1. a measure of the void spaces in a material.
39.9. Permeability
39.9.1. The ability of a substance to allow another substance to pass through it,
39.10. Groundwater
39.10.1. water that exists underground in saturated zones beneath the land surface.
39.11. Groundwater distribution
39.11.1. Only 3% of water on the surface is fresh; the remaining 97% resides in the ocean.
40. Unit 3 - Module 2 - Lesson 1
40.1. Material
40.1.1. the elements, constituents, or substances of which something is composed or can be made.
40.2. Natural Material
40.2.1. those that are found in nature and have not been made by humans,
40.3. Synthetic Material
40.3.1. made by chemically changing the starting substances to create a material with different characteristics.
40.4. Reactants to Products
40.4.1. A reactant is a substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction.
41. Unit 3 - Module 2 - Lesson 2
41.1. Natural Resource Availability
41.1.1. depends on how much of it there is, how much it costs to get, and where it is located.
41.2. Synthetic Material Production
41.2.1. Synthetic fibres are manufactured using plant materials and minerals
41.3. Individual and Societal impacts
41.3.1. how organizations, businesses or individuals' actions affect the surrounding community.
41.4. By-Products
41.4.1. a secondary product derived from a production process, manufacturing process or chemical reaction;
42. Unit 4 - Module 2 - Lesson 1
42.1. Biosphere
42.1.1. The broadest most inclusive level of organization is the biosphere that includes all living organisms (plants, animals, bacteria) on the planet.
42.2. Biome
42.2.1. Regions on Earth with similar climates
42.3. Ecosystems
42.3.1. Ecosystems includes all the organisms (biotic) and non-living (abiotic)environment found in a particular place.
42.4. Communities
42.4.1. A community includes all the interacting living (biotic) organisms in an area.
42.5. Populations
42.5.1. A population includes all members of the same species that live in one place.
42.6. Organism
42.6.1. The simplest level is a single organism / individual
42.7. Abiotic
42.7.1. The nonliving factors are called abiotic factors and include physical and chemical characteristics of the environment.
42.8. Biotic
42.8.1. The living components of the environment are called biotic factors.
42.9. Limiting Factor
42.9.1. This is what determines how many of a species can be in an area. Determined by: Food Water Shelter
42.10. Biotic Potential
42.10.1. Potential growth in perfect conditions with no limiting factors
42.11. Carrying Capacity
42.11.1. The largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time
42.12. Overpopulation
42.12.1. Populations size grows so large that it causes damage to the environment
42.13. Extinction
42.13.1. Species that has died out when no individuals are left.
42.14. Endangered Species
42.14.1. Species whose population is at risk of extinction
42.15. Threatened species
42.15.1. A species that is at risk but not yet endangered
43. Unit 4 - Module 2 - Lesson 3
43.1. Ecological succession
43.1.1. The process of one ecological community gradually changing into another. Small plants begin, then larger plants, and giant ones last.
43.2. Climax Community
43.2.1. A stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes.
43.3. Primary Succession
43.3.1. This occurs in new areas of land with little soil or vegetation such as lava flow
43.4. Secondary Succession
43.4.1. This is where an ecosystem that is already established has been destroyed and needs to restart. This can be from a forest fire for example.
43.5. Eutrophication
43.5.1. When the water becomes nutrient rich from fertilizer runoff. This can cause large algal blooms that can destroy the oxygen balance in the water.
43.6. Dynamic Equilibrium
43.6.1. This Is the balance between different parts of the ecosystem. Natural disruptions such as forest fires, floods, volcanoes, can change an ecosystem quickly.
43.7. Human Activity - Resource extraction
43.7.1. Resources such as water and oil can cause problems from drilling and deforestations.
43.8. Human Activity - Pollution
43.8.1. When contaminants are brought into an environment and cause negative change
43.9. Human Activity - Nonnative Species
43.9.1. Species lives outside its natural range, introduced through human intervention.
44. Glacial features evidence
44.1. (1) striations, (2) tillites, and (3) dropstones
45. Subduction
45.1. Subduction causes the leading edge of the south American plate to fold upward
46. Rock formation evidence
46.1. Fossils of similar type
47. Coal deposit evidence
47.1. Layers of dirt and rock covered the plants over millions of years.
48. Fault block mountains
48.1. Fault-block mountains is where plates move apart, tension stresses stetch Earth's crust.
49. Volcano arc
49.1. Most of the active volcanoes in the United States are part of the aleutian volcanic arc in alaska.
50. Fault zone
50.1. An area of many fractured pieces of crust along a large fault is called a fault zone.
51. Tsunami
51.1. A tsunami is a wave that forms when an ocean disturbance suddenly moves a large volume of water.
52. Physical Weathering
52.1. Physical weathering happens when rock changes in temperature
53. Plant action
53.1. prostrate or semi-erect subshrub of tropical America
54. Wind abrassion
54.1. The process of erosion by suspended particles
55. Glacial Abrassion
55.1. The surface wear achieved by indivisual clasts
56. Oxidation
56.1. a process in which a chemical substance changes because of the addition of oxygen.
57. Carbonation
57.1. a solution of carbon dioxide gas in water
58. Deposition
58.1. Sendiment of carried by wind flowing water,the sea or ice.
59. Surface runoff
59.1. the unconfined flow of water over the ground surface
60. Large scale erosion
60.1. Coastal erosion
61. Glacial movement
61.1. Motion of glaciers
62. Mineral
62.1. a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties.
63. Igneous extrusive rock
63.1. produced when magma exits and cools above (or very near) the Earth's surface
64. Sedimentary rock
64.1. formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms.
65. Compaction
65.1. The process of making something more compact, or dense and very tightly packed together,
66. Metamorphic rock
66.1. Metamorphic rocks started out as some other type of rock, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form.
67. Richter Magnitude scale
67.1. The Richter scale is used to rate the magnitude of an earthquake,
68. Moment magnitude scale
68.1. Moment is a product of the distance a fault moved and the force required to move it.
69. Pancaking
69.1. When the acid and base are combined, carbon dioxide gas is formed and these bubbles rise through the batter. When cooked, these bubbles make the pancake fluffy.
70. Landslide
70.1. A landslide is a mass movement of material, such as rock, earth or debris, down a slope
71. Volcano Belts
71.1. A volcanic belt is a large volcanically active region
72. Mudflows
72.1. a form of mass wasting involving fast-moving flow of debris and dirt that has become liquified by the addition of water.
73. Volcanic ash
73.1. Volcanic ash is a mixture of rock, mineral, and glass particles expelled from a volcano during a volcanic eruption.
74. Pyroclastic Flows
74.1. a hot (typically >800 °C, or >1,500 °F ), chaotic mixture of rock fragments, gas, and ash that travels rapidly (tens of meters per second) away from a volcanic vent or collapsing flow front
75. Predicting volcanoes - Deformation
75.1. changes in the shape of the surface of a volcanic landscape.
76. Predicting volcanoes - Ground Vibration
76.1. evidence of magmatic fluids moving underground.
77. Predicting volcanoes - Lava Collection
77.1. An increase in the frequency and intensity of felt earthquakes.
78. Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale
78.1. a 1 to 5 rating based on a hurricane's sustained wind speed.
79. Enhanced Fujita Damage Intensity scale
79.1. used to assign a tornado a 'rating' based on estimated wind speeds and related damage.
80. Drought
80.1. a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time (usually a season or more), resulting in a water shortage
81. Drought hazard - wildfires
81.1. fuels for wildfire, such as grasses and trees, can dry out and become more flammable
82. Drought hazard - agricultural impact
82.1. when crops fail due to lack of moisture in soil, leading to food shortages and serious human impacts such as famine in severe cases.
83. Unit 3 - Module 1 - Lesson 3
83.1. Mining
83.1.1. the process of extracting useful materials from the earth.
83.2. Dwindling Deposits
83.2.1. the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished.
83.3. Mineral Supplies
83.3.1. a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties.
83.4. fossil fuel extraction
83.4.1. mining and drilling.
83.5. Groundwater overdraf
83.5.1. Overdraft occurs where the average annual amount of groundwater extraction exceeds the long-term average annual supply of water to the basin.
84. Unit 4 - Module 1 - Lesson 1 - Vocabulary Terms
84.1. Photosynthesis
84.1.1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.
84.2. Epidermal leaf cells
84.2.1. trichomes, pavement cells, and stomata.
84.3. Cuticle
84.3.1. a thin layer of clear dead skin located at the nail bed
84.4. Stomata
84.4.1. the tiny openings present on the epidermis of leaves.
84.5. Mesophyll Cells
84.5.1. contain chloroplasts, the organelles responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy.
84.6. Chloroplasts
84.6.1. plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process.
84.7. Chlorophyll A and B
84.7.1. chlorophyll a plays a unique and crucial role in converting light energy to chemical energy
84.8. Light Cycle
84.8.1. by using water, chlorophyll absorbs the energy from the sun and transforms it into chemical energy.
84.9. Night Cycle
84.9.1. As Earth continues its spin, we are moved to the side facing away from our Sun, and we have nighttime.
84.10. Different sugars
84.10.1. The monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
84.11. Cellular Respiration
84.11.1. Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP
84.12. Glycolysis
84.12.1. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and doesn't require oxygen.
84.13. Mitochondria
84.13.1. generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions.
84.14. Lactic Acid Fermentation
84.14.1. a type of anaerobic respiration (or fermentation) that breaks down sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP
84.15. Ethanol Alcohol Fermentation
84.15.1. a biological method wherein the sugar gets transformed into carbon dioxide and alcohol.
85. Unit 4 - Module 1 - Lesson 3
85.1. Cellular Respiration
85.1.1. a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
85.2. Photosynthesis
85.2.1. the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy.
85.3. Sedimentation
85.3.1. the deposition of rock fragments, soil, organic matter, or dissolved material that has been eroded, that is, has been transported by water, wind, ice, or gravity.
85.4. Decomposition
85.4.1. the process by which dead organic substances are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter
85.5. Fossil Fuels
85.5.1. made from decomposing plants and animals.
85.6. Combustion
85.6.1. a chemical process or a reaction between Fuel (Hydrocarbon) and Oxygen.
85.7. Evaporation / Transpiration
85.7.1. the water movement from the soil to the atmosphere via plants.
85.8. Condensation
85.8.1. the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water
85.9. Precipitation
85.9.1. any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls back to the earth.
85.10. Run Off
85.10.1. occurs when there is more water than land can absorb.
85.11. Seepage
85.11.1. The slow but often steady flow of water between one water body and another.
85.12. Cellular Respiration
85.12.1. a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
85.13. Photosynthesis
85.13.1. the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy.
85.14. Precipitation
85.14.1. any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls back to the earth.
85.15. Nitrogen Fixation
85.15.1. nitrogen fixation, any natural or industrial process that causes free nitrogen (N2), which is a relatively inert gas plentiful in air, to combine chemically with other elements to form more-reactive nitrogen compounds such as ammonia, nitrates, or nitrites. nitrogen cycle.
85.16. Ammonification
85.16.1. decomposition with production of ammonia or ammonium compounds especially by the action of bacteria on nitrogenous organic matter.
85.17. Nitrification
85.17.1. Nitrification is a microbial process by which reduced nitrogen compounds (primarily ammonia) are sequentially oxidized to nitrite and nitrate.
85.18. Assimilation
85.18.1. the process of absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other chemicals from food as part of the nutrition of an organism.
85.19. Denitrification
85.19.1. the microbial process of reducing nitrate and nitrite to gaseous forms of nitrogen, principally nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrogen (N2).
86. Unit 4 - Module 2 - Lesson 2
86.1. Symbiosis
86.1.1. A close, long-term relationship between two species that usually involves an exchange of food or energy
86.2. Commensalism
86.2.1. One species benefits and does not harm the other species. Examples are plants that grow on trees or trunks of other objects.
86.3. Parasitism
86.3.1. A symbolic relationship that benefits one species and harms the other. An example is a female wasp, laying eggs in a spider.
86.4. Mutualism
86.4.1. Relationship in which both organisms benefit. Example is clownfish and anemone, where the fish is protected and provides energy in return.
86.5. Cooperative Relationships
86.5.1. This is found within species and how they interact together. This includes elephants working together to raise young.
86.6. Predator-Prey Relationship
86.6.1. This is when one species will consume another.
86.7. Competitive Relationships
86.7.1. Organisms sharing the same habitat competing for the same resources. Could be as simple as trees competing for sunlight.