1. The letter G is silent when followed by an N.
1.1. Examples: 1. Champagne 2. Sign
2. Phonology
2.1. Phonology studies the following of a language:
2.1.1. Fixed sound system
2.1.2. Sound combination patterns
2.1.3. Rules
2.2. Combination of sounds
2.3. Contrastive phonology
2.3.1. Find differences and similarities between 2 different languages.
2.3.1.1. For example: 1. French 2. Spanish
2.4. Examples:
2.4.1. Triphthong
2.4.1.1. Union of three vowels that are pronounced in a single syllable:
2.4.1.1.1. eɪə <---> player
2.4.1.1.2. ɔɪə <---> loyal
2.4.1.1.3. auə: <---> hour
2.4.2. Diphthong
2.4.2.1. It is formed by combining two vowels into a single syllable:
2.4.2.1.1. ey <---> play
2.5. Image
2.6. Reference:
2.6.1. Hammerly, H. (1982). Contrastive phonology and error analysis.
3. Phonemics
3.1. Study the sounds of speech
3.1.1. Sounds perceived and reproduced.
3.2. It is a connection between the written letters and the sounds of a word.
3.3. Phonetic Rules:
3.3.1. The letter B is silent if it comes after the letter M, at the end of the word.
3.3.1.1. Examples: 1. Crumb 2. Thumb
3.3.2. The letter H is not pronounced when it comes after a vowel.
3.3.2.1. Example: 1. Daughter
3.3.2.2. The letter C is usually silent in the SC combination.
3.3.2.2.1. Examples: 1. Scent 2. Muscle
3.3.3. The silent letter L is the letter that comes after the vowels A, O and U.
3.3.3.1. Examples: 1. Talk 2. Could
3.3.4. The letter K also does not sound when it comes before the N at the beginning of a word.
3.3.4.1. Examples: 1. Knife 2. Know
3.4. Image
3.5. Reference:
3.5.1. Kohler, K. J. (1981). Contrastive phonology and the acquisition of phonetic skills. Phonetica, 38(4), 213-226.
4. Phonetics
4.1. phonetics is a branch of linguistics
4.1.1. that focuses on the production and classification of the world's speech sounds.
4.1.2. on other words
4.1.2.1. studies the sounds of the speech which are totally perceived and reproduced.
4.1.3. the unit of phonetics is the allophone
4.1.3.1. examples
4.1.3.2. vowels is pronounced with the highest part of the tongue pushed forward in the mouth and somewhat arched
4.1.3.2.1. The a in “had,” the e in “bed,” and the i in “fit”
4.1.3.3. diphthongs a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable
4.1.3.3.1. Long I, long E Pie, slide
4.1.3.4. consonant pairs the sounds can all be put into pairs where both are produced in a very similar way
4.1.3.4.1. BT debt (/dɛt/) doubt (/daʊt/) subtle (/ˈsʌtəl/)
4.1.3.5. single consonant represents a single sound
4.1.3.5.1. he /ŋ/ sound. thing young long nothing.
4.2. Reference:
4.2.1. school, l. (2015, november 15). Retrieved from https://www.londonschool.com/blog/phonetic-alphabet/
5. Phonemes
5.1. A minimal pair is when two words have different meanings but only one sound (phoneme) difference between them
5.2. It is the basic unit of phonology
5.3. Are based on spoken language and may be recorded with special symbols
5.4. Use slash marks: /p/
5.5. EXAMPLES:
5.5.1. 1. /p/ Apple = /a/ /p/ /p/ /l/ /e/ (5 phonemes)
5.5.2. 2. /t/ Top = /t/ /o/ /p/ (3 phonemes)
5.5.3. 3./v/ Give = /g/ /i/ /v/ /e/ (4 phonemes)
5.6. Reference: Trager, G. L., & Bloch, B. (1941). The syllabic phonemes of English. Language, 223-246.
6. Allophones
6.1. Are a type of phoneme within a linguistic system that changes its sound depending on how a word is written.
6.1.1. Example:
6.1.1.1. 1.- "Hit", "tip" and "little" are allophones; they are considered to have the same sound, however they are phonetically different in terms of aspiration, voicing and point of articulation.
6.1.1.2. 2.- "Tar" and "stuff". the pronunciation is with a more forceful breathy sound in the first example than in the second.
6.1.1.3. 3.-The phoneme /d/ has the stop allophone [d] and the approximant allophone [ð̞].
6.1.1.4. Another example:
6.1.1.4.1. Other