1. Language Areas in the Brain
1.1. Broca’s Area: Speech production.
1.2. Wernicke’s Area: Speech comprehension.
1.3. Arcuate Fasciculus: Connection between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas.
1.4. Motor Cortex: Control of body movements, including mouth and hands.
2. Language Acquisition
2.1. First Language Acquisition
2.1.1. Natural process: listening, imitating, analyzing.
2.1.2. Infants’ brains have a unique capacity to encode language.
2.2. Critical Period
2.2.1. Limited time period for optimal language learning.
3. Brain Malfunctions
3.1. ip of the Tongue Phenomenon: Failure to retrieve a word from memory.
3.2. Slips of the Tongue
3.2.1. Word substitution.
3.2.2. Spoonerism: Interchange of initial sounds.
3.3. Slips of the Ear
3.3.1. Misperception error in listening.
3.4. Aphasia
3.4.1. Broca’s Aphasia: Difficulty in speech production.
3.4.2. Wernicke’s Aphasia: Difficulty in auditory comprehension.
3.4.3. Conduction Aphasia: Poor pronunciation and repetition.
4. Dichotic Listening Test
4.1. Right Hemisphere: Processes non-linguistic signals.
4.2. Left Hemisphere: Dominant for language sounds.
5. Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics
5.1. Neurolinguistics
5.1.1. Study of what happens in the human brain when we speak, listen, and perceive complex stimuli.
5.1.2. An old term for psycholinguistics.
5.2. Psycholinguistics
5.2.1. Relationship between the human mind and language.
5.2.2. Investigated processes
5.2.2.1. 1. Language comprehension
5.2.2.2. 2. Language production
5.2.2.3. 3. Language acquisition
5.2.3. Chomskyan Revolution
5.2.3.1. The mind is the center of any study related to understanding human beings.
6. Cognitive Processes
6.1. Cognitive processes the brain performs to process information from the environment
6.1.1. Perception: Taking in information through the senses and using it to interact with the world
6.1.2. Attention: Focusing on a specific stimulus in the environment.
6.1.3. Cognitive Processes in Reading: Recognizing letters and avoiding distractions.
6.1.4. Cognitive Processes in Writing: Ignoring noises, making writing legible, remembering what has been written.
6.1.5. Language: Understanding and expressing thoughts through spoken and written words.
7. Brain Hemispheres
7.1. Cerebral Hemispheres
7.1.1. Connected by the corpus callosum.
7.1.2. Left and right hemispheres process information differently.
7.2. Lobes of the Brain
7.2.1. Hemispheres have four parts called lobes.
7.3. Left vs. Right Brain Processing
7.3.1. Left: Logical, sequential, analytical, objective
7.3.2. Right: Random, intuitive, holistic, subjective.