1. Past tenses
1.1. Past Simple
1.1.1. Used for actions that happened and were completed in the past.
1.1.2. ✅ V2 ❌ did + not + V1 ❓ did + V1
1.1.2.1. ✅ Emma attended a virtual conference yesterday.
1.1.2.2. ❌ Emma did not attend a virtual conference yesterday.
1.1.2.3. ❓ Did Emma attend a virtual conference yesterday?
1.1.3. yesterday, last week, in 2010, ago
1.2. Past Continuous
1.2.1. Used for actions that were ongoing at a specific time in the past.
1.2.2. ✅ was/were + V-ing ❌ was/were + not + V-ing ❓ was/were + V-ing
1.2.2.1. ✅ David was playing an online game at 5 PM.
1.2.2.2. ❌ David was not playing an online game at 5 PM.
1.2.2.3. ❓ Was David playing an online game at 5 PM?
1.2.3. while, when, as, at 5 PM
1.3. Past Perfect
1.3.1. Used for actions that were completed before another past action or time.
1.3.2. ✅ had + V3 ❌ had + not + V3 ❓ had + V3
1.3.2.1. ✅ Michael had uploaded the video before his internet connection dropped.
1.3.2.2. ❌ Michael had not uploaded the video before his internet connection dropped.
1.3.2.3. ❓ Had Michael uploaded the video before his internet connection dropped?
1.3.3. before, after, by the time, already, just
1.4. Past Perfect Continuous
1.4.1. Used for actions that were ongoing up until another action in the past.
1.4.2. ✅ had + been + V-ing ❌ had + not + been + V-ing ❓ had + been + V-ing
1.4.2.1. ✅ Olivia had been streaming for two hours before she took a break.
1.4.2.2. ❌ Olivia had not been streaming for two hours before she took a break.
1.4.2.3. ❓ Had Olivia been streaming for two hours before she took a break?
1.4.3. for, since, all day, before
2. Present tenses
2.1. Present Simple
2.1.1. Used for regular actions, habits, and general truths.
2.1.2. ✅ V + s/es ❌ do/does + not + V ❓ do/does + V
2.1.2.1. ✅ Alex posts on Instagram every day.
2.1.2.2. ❌ Alex does not post on Instagram every day.
2.1.2.3. ❓ Does Alex post on Instagram every day?
2.1.3. always, usually, every day, often, sometimes, never
2.2. Present Continuous
2.2.1. Used for actions happening at the moment of speaking or temporary actions.
2.2.2. ✅ am/is/are + V-ing ❌ am/is/are + not + V-ing ❓ am/is/are + V-ing
2.2.2.1. ✅ Maria is watching a Netflix series now.
2.2.2.2. ❌ Maria is not watching a Netflix series now.
2.2.2.3. ❓ Is Maria watching a Netflix series now?
2.2.3. now, right now, at the moment, currently
2.3. Present Perfect
2.3.1. Used for actions that happened at an unspecified time before now or have an impact on the present.
2.3.2. ✅ have/has + V3 ❌ have/has + not + V3 ❓ have/has + V3
2.3.2.1. ✅ John has finished his online course.
2.3.2.2. ❌ John has not finished his online course.
2.3.2.3. ❓ Has John finished his online course?
2.3.3. already, yet, just, ever, never, since, for
2.4. Present Perfect Continuous
2.4.1. Used for actions that started in the past and continue into the present with emphasis on duration.
2.4.2. ✅ have/has + been + V-ing ❌ have/has + not + been + V-ing ❓ have/has + been + V-ing
2.4.2.1. ✅ Sarah has been working remotely for three hours.
2.4.2.2. ❌ Sarah has not been working remotely for three hours.
2.4.2.3. ❓ Has Sarah been working remotely for three hours?
2.4.3. for, since, all day, lately, recently
3. Future tenses
3.1. Future Simple
3.1.1. Used for decisions made at the moment of speaking, future predictions, or promises.
3.1.2. ✅ will + V1 ❌ will + not + V1 ❓ will + V1
3.1.2.1. ✅ Liam will join the Zoom call tomorrow.
3.1.2.2. ❌ Liam will not join the Zoom call tomorrow.
3.1.2.3. ❓ Will Liam join the Zoom call tomorrow?
3.1.3. tomorrow, next week, in 2025, soon
3.2. Future Continuous
3.2.1. Used for actions that will be ongoing at a specific time in the future.
3.2.2. ✅ will + be + V-ing ❌ will + not + be + V-ing ❓ will + be + V-ing
3.2.2.1. ✅ Sophia will be working on a project at this time tomorrow.
3.2.2.2. ❌ Sophia will not be working on a project at this time tomorrow.
3.2.2.3. ❓ Will Sophia be working on a project at this time tomorrow?
3.2.3. at this time tomorrow, in an hour, next Monday
3.3. Future Perfect
3.3.1. Used for actions that will be completed before a specific time in the future.
3.3.2. ✅ will + have + V3 ❌ will + not + have + V3 ❓ will + have + V3
3.3.2.1. ✅ James will have finished the report by the deadline.
3.3.2.2. ❌ James will not have finished the report by the deadline.
3.3.2.3. ❓ Will James have finished the report by the deadline?
3.3.3. by, by the time, before, until
3.4. Future Perfect Continuous
3.4.1. Used for actions that will be ongoing until a specific time in the future.
3.4.2. ✅ will + have + been + V-ing ❌ will + not + have + been + V-ing ❓ will + have + been + V-ing
3.4.2.1. ✅ Ella will have been coding for five hours by the time the meeting starts.
3.4.2.2. ❌ Ella will not have been coding for five hours by the time the meeting starts.
3.4.2.3. ❓ Will Ella have been coding for five hours by the time the meeting starts?
3.4.3. for, since, by ... (specific time)