1. Introduction of Asia as a Concept to East Asia
1.1. China
1.1.1. Asia is introduced to China by Europeans
1.1.1.1. used publication of European-styled atlas in China
1.1.1.2. Ching dynasty commissioned Catholics to produce detailed world atlas
1.1.2. Matteo Ricci
1.1.2.1. The Complete Atlas of the Earth and Countries (1602, Beijing)
1.1.2.1.1. what Europeans know of the world
1.1.2.1.2. five continents in world
1.1.2.1.3. does not include any cultural or political aspect of Asia
1.1.2.1.4. used Japanese words "toyo"- orient, and "seiyo" - occident
1.1.3. Guilio Aleni
1.1.3.1. Supplemental Geography (1623)
1.1.3.1.1. added new geo knowledge to Ricci's atlas
1.1.3.1.2. western sea = Europe
1.1.3.1.3. Sino-centric view
1.2. Japan
1.2.1. Hakuseki Arai
1.2.1.1. studied the geographical info based on Ricci's atlas
1.2.1.2. combined Ricci and Sidotti's info
1.2.1.2.1. accepted the 5 continentd but modified
1.2.1.3. utilized Chinese histories of Mongolia and Ming dynasty
1.2.1.4. no indication of Aleni's atlas
1.2.2. Yamamura Saisuke
1.2.2.1. supplement to Arai's A Collection of Foreigner's Words Representing the World
1.2.2.1.1. added new info from Pieter and Johan
1.2.2.1.2. pointed out that Turkey belongs to Asia not Africa
1.2.2.1.3. not published but was presented so Japan gained knowledge about these
1.2.3. Shogo Mitsukuri
1.2.3.1. A Commentary on the World Atlas (1845)
1.2.3.1.1. introduced new info on Japan's geography from Dutch sources (new)
1.2.3.1.2. added America in his geography
1.2.3.1.3. added Australia as the 5th continent
1.2.3.2. began account with "Grand Empire of Japan"
1.2.3.2.1. Japan was the center of the world
1.2.3.3. divided countries into 2 categories
1.2.3.3.1. independent
1.2.3.3.2. subordinate
1.2.3.3.3. led the readers to see China's tributary states as inferior
1.2.4. Yukichi Fukuzawa
1.2.4.1. published two world geographies (1869)
1.2.4.1.1. A Handbook of World States
1.2.4.1.2. Countries in the World
2. The Beginning of the Political Usage of the Concept of Asia
2.1. Asia as a region surfaced in Japan after the restoration of the emperor in 1868
2.1.1. Asian countries particularly Japan became anxious of the military power Russia holds esp. since most asian countries have borders near Russia
2.1.1.1. Japan was not in good terms with other countries particularly Korea and Japan
2.1.1.1.1. Korea: korean govt. rejected the restoration of the emperor because they find it disrespectful t both the Chinese emperor and to them
2.1.1.1.2. China: after signing the treaty that would challenge the hierarchal Chinese World Order
2.2. Russia became the potential main enemy of Japan which had alt. programs of world conquest
2.2.1. conquer Japan first and move westward
2.2.2. conquer Ottoman then move eatward
2.3. 19th century
2.3.1. three tyoes of policies proposed about how Japan should pursue international relations
2.3.1.1. pursue western civilization; abandon other asian countries
2.3.1.1.1. meiji intellectuals advocated this, saying they should not hesitate since they expect these countries to resist westernizing their countries
2.3.1.2. ally with asian countries to cope with the western threat
2.3.1.3. intervene in asian countries to encourage to adopt western civilization
3. Medieval and Early Modern Civilizations
3.1. (1) Concentric Worldview
3.1.1. east asia
3.1.2. center
3.1.2.1. dominated by an emperor
3.1.2.1.1. "chungo" / middle empire - emperor's direct dominion
3.1.2.2. had the authority to rule the whole world
3.1.2.3. legitimized by heaven's order to teach confucianism
3.1.2.3.1. confucianism - ancient chinese beleief system that focuses greatly on personal ethics and morality
3.1.2.4. civilized people
3.1.3. peripheries
3.1.3.1. "lesser beings"
3.1.3.2. barbarian people
3.1.3.3. until 19th century
3.1.3.3.1. countries like Korea, Vietnam, and Japan have complex relationship with China
3.1.4. no clear boundary between the two spheres
3.1.4.1. norms are ste by the "center"
3.1.4.2. further from the center = more barbaric
3.2. (2) Buddhist Cosmology and Kitabake's Re-interpretation
3.2.1. buddhist cosmology view: each of the 1 million universes was ruled by a Buddha
3.2.1.1. 11th to 13th century
3.2.1.1.1. Japan is only a series of tiny spot in the ocean, which caused Japanese to feel isolated and insignificant compared to other countries in Asia
3.2.1.2. remained until 17th century
3.2.2. kitabake's re-interpretation: views Japan as the center of the world by re-interpretation of history thru myths
3.2.2.1. Chifukasa Kitabake - aristrocrat who fought for the legitimacy of the Japanese imperial family thru Jinno Shoto ki
3.3. (3) Three Countries Model
3.3.1. Japanese imagined the world to be consisted of only 3 countries
3.3.1.1. Tenijiku (India)
3.3.1.2. Shintan (China)
3.3.1.3. Honcho (Japan)
3.3.1.4. medieval Japanese thought that India was the origin of the most important teachings of salvation (buddhism)
3.3.1.4.1. but no Japanese men in India; China was atually more familiar with them
3.3.2. can be seen in collection of tales called Konjaku Monogatari shu
3.3.3. diminished during 17th century
3.3.3.1. Buddhism was forced to retreat from political arena
3.3.3.1.1. India's image dissapeared from their sphere
3.3.3.1.2. they began to view Japan as the Center of the World
3.4. (4) European Worldview
3.4.1. originated from the ancient Medditerranean world view (East-West axis
3.4.1.1. world is a continent surrounded by Oceanus
3.4.1.2. Oriens: place pointed to the sun rise (east)
3.4.1.3. Occidens: place poined to the sun set (west)
3.4.1.4. suceeded two world views
3.4.1.4.1. five continents
3.4.1.4.2. eurocentric concept of two indies
3.4.2. in christianity perspective
3.4.2.1. O: ocean surrounding the world
3.4.2.2. vertical line: medditerranean sea
3.4.2.3. left horizontal line: river don
3.4.2.4. right horizontal line: river of nile
3.4.2.5. on top of the intersection: Jerusalem (part of Asia)
3.4.2.5.1. contributed to the notion that its Christian center of the world
3.4.2.6. left side: Europe
3.4.2.7. right side: Africa
3.4.3. non-Eurocentric
3.4.4. 15th century
3.4.4.1. expanded to 5 sections; adding America and Magallanica
3.5. (5) Treaty of Tordesillas
3.5.1. eurocentric
3.5.2. eastern hemisphere: Portugese
3.5.3. western hemisphere: Spanish
3.5.4. although Japan is not directly involved their location could be a potential target for European's colonization--causing a source of dispute on their side
3.5.5. "indias" areas of non-Christian and non-Muslim
3.5.5.1. inherited by Dutch, British, and other Europeans
3.5.6. "India" was widely used instead of Asia
3.5.6.1. India became the focal point of interest and representation overshadowing the broader term "Asia"