1. Chapter 1: Study of Life
1.1. Characteristics of Life
1.1.1. Organized
1.1.1.1. Atom - Molecule - Cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism - Population - Species - Community - Ecosystem - Biosphere
1.1.2. Requires Food and Materials
1.1.3. Balanced / Homeostasis
1.1.3.1. Maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism by means of self-regulating mechanisms.
1.1.4. Responds
1.1.5. Reproduces
1.1.6. Adapts and Evolves
1.1.6.1. Mutations
1.1.6.1.1. Change in DNA
1.1.6.2. Adaptations
1.1.6.2.1. Change to fit the enviroment
1.1.6.3. Evolution
1.1.6.3.1. Change through generations that explain the history and diversity of life.
2. Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry
2.1. Elements
2.1.1. 94 naturally occurring elements
2.1.1.1. Density
2.1.1.2. Solubility
2.1.1.3. Melting point
2.1.1.4. Reactivity
3. Chapter 3: Biochemistry Practice
3.1. Classes of Organic Molecules
3.1.1. Carbohydrates
3.1.1.1. Class of organic compounds that typically contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; includes the monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
3.1.2. Lipids
3.1.2.1. Class of organic compounds that tend to be soluble in nonpolar solvents; includes fats and oils.
3.1.2.1.1. Fats
3.1.2.1.2. Oils
3.1.2.1.3. Phospholipids
3.1.2.1.4. Steroids
3.1.2.1.5. Waxes
3.1.3. Proteins
3.1.3.1. Polymer of amino acids; often consisting of one or more polypeptides and having a complex three-dimensional shape.
3.1.3.1.1. Metabolism, Support, Transport, Defense, Regulation, Motion
3.1.4. Nucleic acids
3.1.4.1. Polymer of nucleotides; both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.
4. Chapter 4: The Cell
4.1. Cell Theory
4.1.1. All organisms are composed of cells
4.1.1.1. All cells come from existing cells
4.1.2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms
4.1.3. Cells come only from preexisting cells because cells are self-reproducing
4.2. Types of Cells
4.2.1. Prokaryotic Cells
4.2.1.1. Bacteria
4.2.1.2. Archaea
4.2.2. Eukaryotic Cells
4.2.2.1. Eukarya
5. Chapter 5: Membrane Structure & Function
5.1. Diffusion
5.1.1. Toward Lower Concentration
5.2. Facilitated Transport
5.2.1. Toward Lower Concentration
5.3. Active Transport
5.3.1. Toward Higher Concentration
5.4. Bulk Transport
5.4.1. Toward Outside or Inside
6. Chapter 6: Energy & Emzymes
6.1. Flow of Energy
6.1.1. Kinetic
6.1.1.1. Energy associated with motion.
6.1.2. Potential
6.1.2.1. Stored energy in a potentially usable form, as a result of location or spatial arrangement.
6.1.3. Chemical
6.1.3.1. Energy associated with the interaction of atoms in a molecule.
6.1.4. Mechanical
6.1.4.1. Energy possessed by an object as the result of its motion or position.
6.2. Emzymes
6.2.1. Organic catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds a reaction in cells due to its particular shape.
7. Chapter 7: Photosynthesis
7.1. Produces carbohydrates and release oxygen
7.2. Used by the majority of living organisms
8. Nature's Best Hope
8.1. Good practices for creating a biodiverse yard and helping the ecosystem
9. Chapter 8: Cellular Respiration
9.1. Phases
9.1.1. Glycolysis
9.1.2. Preparatory Reaction
9.1.3. Citric Acid Cycle
9.1.4. Electron Transport Chain
10. Chapter 9: The Cell Cycle & Cell Division
10.1. Cell Cycle
10.1.1. Stages
10.1.1.1. G1 - S - G2 - M
10.2. Interphase
10.2.1. Stages which growth and DNA synthesis occur. Nucleus not actively dividing
10.2.1.1. G1 - S - G2
11. Chapter 10: Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction
11.1. Haploid (n)
11.1.1. One of each chromosome
11.2. Diploid (2n)
11.2.1. Two of each chromosome
11.3. Meiosis I & Meiosis II
11.3.1. Prophase - Prometaphase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase
12. Chapter 11: Genetics
12.1. Allele
12.1.1. Dominant
12.1.1.1. GG
12.1.2. Recessive
12.1.2.1. gg
12.2. Laws of Segregation
12.2.1. Punnett Squares
12.3. Inheritance
12.3.1. Blending Concept of Inheritance
12.3.1.1. Thought that parents of contrasting appearance always producer offspring of intermediate appearance. Parents contribute equally to a new individual.
12.3.1.1.1. EX. White + red = pink flower. Over time variation would decrease. Darwin disagree.
12.3.2. Particulate Theory of Inheritance
12.3.2.1. Based on existence of minute particles, or hereditary units, that we now call genes.
13. Chapter 14: Biotechnology
13.1. Biotechnology
13.1.1. Use of DNA technology and genetic engineering to alter an organism to produce a product that benefits an ecosystem or human activity.
13.2. Genetic Engineering
13.2.1. Alterations to the genome of an organism, usually for the purpose of producing an enhancement of a trait or a product beneficial to humans
13.3. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
13.3.1. Technique that uses the enzyme DNA polymerase to produce millions of copies of a particular piece of DNA.
13.4. Gene Therapy
13.4.1. Ex Vivo
13.4.1.1. Gene inserted into the cells that have been removed and returned to the body
13.4.2. In Vivo
13.4.2.1. Gene is delivered directly to the cells
14. Chapter 15: Evolution
14.1. Charles Darwin
14.1.1. Natural selection
14.1.1.1. HMS Beagle
14.1.1.1.1. Observed geological changes firsthand
14.1.1.1.2. Explored Argentina where he found raised beaches with exposed layers of sediment that held fossils.
14.1.1.1.3. Collected fossil remains of armadillo-like animal, glyptodon and ground sloth, Mylodon darwinii.
14.1.1.1.4. Saw marine shells high on cliffs in Andes Mountains which suggested Earth was very old.
14.2. Biogeography
14.2.1. Geographic distribution of organisms
14.3. Artificial Selection
14.3.1. Intentional breeding of traits
14.3.1.1. EX. Dog breeds
14.4. Structure
14.4.1. Homologous
14.4.2. Analogous
15. Chapter 20: Viruses, Bacteria, & Archae
15.1. Virus
15.1.1. Reproduction
15.1.1.1. Attachment - Penetration - Biosynthesis - Maturation - Release