1. Mortality
1.1. SLE patients have an increased mortality compared to general population (Zen et al., 2023)
1.2. Arthersclerosis occurs early and is accelerated in SLE (Zen et al., 2023_
1.3. SLE removes life expectancy of males and females by 12 and 22 years respectively (Zen et al., 2023)
1.4. higher mortality rate in men then women (Zen et al., 2023)
1.5. fatalies are usually related to infection, organ failure, or cardiac disease (Zen et al., 2023)
2. Treatment/management
2.1. there is NO cure
2.2. goal of treatment is to manage sysmptoms and prevent further damage by supressing the autoimmune repsonse (McCance & Huether, 2023)
2.2.1. NSAIDs are helpful in releaving pain and inflammation (U.S. department of Health and Human Services, 2024)
2.3. hydroxychloronique is preffered treatment of patients with stable SLE (U.S. department of Health and Human Services, 2024)
2.4. Corticosteroids are prescribed for flareups and more serious active disease (U.S. department of Health and Human Services, 2024)
2.5. immunosupressive drugs are used to treat severe symptoms, they focus on B-cell depletion (McCance & Huether, 2023)
2.6. protection from Sunlight can be beneficial (U.S. department of Health and Human Services, 2024)
3. Etiology/ risk factors
3.1. several genes
3.1.1. changes in MHC molecular structure (McCance & Huether, 2023)
3.2. environmental triggers
3.2.1. ultraviolet radiation exposure(McCance & Huether, 2023)
3.2.2. smoking (McCance & Huether, 2023)
3.2.3. medication (McCance & Huether, 2023)
3.2.4. Epstein Barr Virus (McCance & Huether, 2023)
3.2.5. Low Vitamin D(McCance & Huether, 2023)
3.2.6. environmental pollutions(McCance & Huether, 2023)
4. Pathophysiology
4.1. large variety of antibodies against self antigens(McCance & Huether, 2023)
4.2. Autoantibody reacts with the circulating antigen and forms circulating immune complexes (McCance & Huether, 2023)
4.3. most characteristis autoantibody is against nucleic acids, histones, ribonucleoproteins, and other nuclear materials (McCance & Huether, 2023)
4.4. attacks the immune system(McCance & Huether, 2023)
4.5. can affect any organ in the body (Mok, 2003)
5. Prevelance of disease
5.1. occurs mostly in women (approximately 9:1) (McCance & Huether, 2023)
5.2. global SLE incidence and newly diagnosed population were estimated to be 5.14 (1.4 to 15.13) per 100 000 person-years (Tian et a., 2022)
5.3. Black People are more affected than Whites (McCance & Huether, 2023)
6. Physical exam findings/S&S
6.1. many of the symptoms result from a type III hypersensitivity (McCance & Huether, 2023)
6.1.1. Skin: rashes & photosensititivity (McCance & Huether, 2023)
6.1.2. fever may be present (McCance & Huether, 2023)
6.2. Eyes: keratoconjuctivitis, scleritis, uvetis retinopathy (McCance & Huether, 2023)
6.3. mucus membranes: ulcers (McCance & Huether, 2023)
6.4. joints: arthralgias (McCance & Huehter, 2023)
6.5. kidney: proteinurea(McCance & Huether, 2023)
6.5.1. patients with SLE have a higher risk for kidney disease
6.6. seizures or psychosis. Usually occurs when their disease is active (Hanly et al., 2018) and Appenzeller et al. found 11.3% of their cohort had acute psychosis related to SLE (2008)
6.6.1. Appenzeller et al. found that 28 out of 38 patients developed pyshchosis related to corticosteroid therapy (2008)
6.7. Cardiovascular disease is common
7. Labaratory
7.1. diagnosis is bases on a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test (McCance & Huether, 2023)
7.1.1. almost all patients with SLE have a positive ANA test, but a positive test does not always mean patient has SLE, there are false positives (