Scarabaeinae

1. Functional Ecology

1.1. Functions

1.1.1. Seed dispersal

1.1.2. Bioturbation

1.1.3. Nutrient cycling

1.1.4. Trophic regulation

1.1.5. Diversity-function relationship

1.1.6. Flies and Helmint control

1.2. People

1.3. physiology

1.4. reproductive ecology

1.5. feeding ecology

2. Feeding Ecology

2.1. Niche breadth

2.2. Dietary plasticity

2.3. Dung specificity

2.4. Interspecific interactions

2.5. People

3. Reproductive Ecology

3.1. Niche breadth

3.2. Dung specificity

3.3. Dung plasticity

3.4. People

3.5. New node

4. Physiology

5. Land Use Cover and Change (LUCC) Ecology

5.1. Forests

5.1.1. Tropical

5.1.1.1. People

5.1.2. Subtropical

5.1.2.1. People

5.1.3. Temperate

5.1.3.1. People

5.1.4. Coastal

5.1.4.1. People

5.2. Grasslands

5.2.1. Tropical

5.2.1.1. People

5.2.2. Subtropical

5.2.2.1. People

5.2.3. Temperate

5.2.3.1. People

6. Natural History

6.1. Predators

7. Population Ecology

7.1. Diel activity

7.2. Dung preferences

7.3. Habitat preferences

7.4. Seasonality

7.5. Vertical distribution