Northern Renaissance and Reformation

1. Occurred in Europe, north of the Alps

2. Took place from approximately 1450 to the 1600's.

3. Hundred Years Wars was ending

4. The Europeans combined Religious ideas and classical learning

5. As writers tried to reform society, it began the Reformation, or the Elizabethan Age. Writers began to reform the church, using humanism and deep Christian ideas.

6. In England, Thomas More wrote a book about Utopia, an imaginary ideal society, free of war, greed, conflict, and full of utter peace.

7. In the Renaissance, William Shakespeare, was wildly popular. Often called the best playwright of all time. His plays showed a deep understanding of people and how they interact with one another.

8. By 1500; the influence the church had over the lives of their people lessened.

9. Reformers urged its ways to become more spiritual and humble. Christian humanists - Erasmus and Thomas more - added their voices to calls for change.

10. Martin Luther, a German monk, protested against a church official whom of which was selling indulgences. Luther challenged his practice and his words were printed and spread throughout Germany. This triggered the Reformation.

11. Luther wrote 95 theses to question the Catholic church's practice of selling indulgences, which initially triggered the catalyst of the Protestant Reformation

12. The Catholic Reformation was the intellectual counter-force against Protestanism in the 1500's. The desire to reform within the Catholic Church had started before the spread of Luther as many educated Catholics wanted change

13. Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons mandated to represent the state.

14. Vernacular is the language or dialect spoken by ordinary people in a particular country or region. In the Renaissance, they began to translate the bible to the native tongue of the language of the country it was being printed in.

15. Council of Trent wsa one of the most importany councils apart of the Roman Catholic Church, held between 1545 and 1563

16. Due to the Italian Renaissance, humanism took place and spread ideas throughout Europe

17. Why learning spread so quickly: the movable type.

18. In 1440, Johann Gutenberg used the same practice as the Chinese, and produced his first book - the Gutenberg Bible - in 1455 on the Printing Press.

19. The Medici Family was the first princely dynasty to win their status, not by warfare, but by commerce. The family's support of the arts and humanities made Florence into the crade of the Renaissance, a cultural flowering only rivaled by that of ancient Greece. The Medicis only produced four Popes, and their genes have been mixed into many of Europe

20. Patron - A oerson who gives financial or other support to another person, organisation, cause or activity.

21. Perspective - artistic techniques used to give the effect of three-dimensional depth to two-dimensional surfaces, viewpoint.

22. Renaissance Man - A person who is well educated, or who excels, at a wide variety of subjects and fields.

23. Leonardo Da Vinci- made sketches of nature and of models, dissected corpses to learn how the human body worked, his masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, also studied botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering, made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats

24. Michelangelo- Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet. He sculpted the Pieta and the statue of David, painted huge mural to decorate the Sistine Chapel in Rome, and designed the dome for St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome. Henry the VIII - was the main instigator of the English Reformation, married six times, and beheaded two of his wives.

25. John Calvin- Calvin followed most of the teaching of Martin Luther. He also preached predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva. A theocracy is a government run by Church leaders. By the late 1500’s, Calvinism had taken root in Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland.

26. Niccolo Machiavelli - Italian diplomat, most famous for writing The Prince, handbook for unscrupulous politicians that inspired the term "Machiavellian" and established its author as the "father of modern political theory.