1.1. Race in brazil was not viewed as a problem. they were not focused on the inabilities of the races yet more focused on advancing their civilization. they did not approve of the ideology of racial inferiority. some elites even view slavery not as justifiable, but more of a necessary evil. After abolishment of slavery their questions were more about how to employ former slaves and integrate them into society.
1.2. European immigration was key in the elites eyes. they wanted white immigrants to integrate into their society so they can improve their standing in the world.
2. Race and culture in Cuba and Argentina
2.1. Sarimento believed that the all races would develop and become civilized. Whites being the most advanced of them all and he believed the blacks could progress faster than the Natives. Bunge tried to connect Physiological traits to psychological traits. He aslo had the whites being the most advanced with their culture and traits. Jose was a admirer of Gobeniue and his ideology. He believed that the mixing of races will eventually rid of the brown skin and make way for the white races. they all had theories of whites being the superior race.
2.2. As Blacks and Indians became the minority the catholic church became more worried about immigration. Argentina resisted Russian Jews, and made self defense groups and tried to pass legislation to keep immigrants from coming into the nation. Their motives to keep only catholic religion in the region.
2.3. Francisco tried to prove that the minorities were not able to have a state of their own. He explained how Cubans got their traits from black, which was music sense, and lack of foreseeing. but from their Spanish side they got hospitality and immigration tendency. Figueras believed that since blacks were the inferior race, natural selection would eventually absorb the black race into the white. the only thing keeping that from happening was the fact that blacks still matted with each other, according to him.
2.4. After the revolution many laws were aimed to segregate the Africans In Cuba. The revolutionary army was separated and colored generals were replaced with whites which took away afro Cubans social mobility. Cuba began to try and Whiten the state.
3. Hatian Revolutions
3.1. Fredrick Douglass was a profound speaker and writer for the black community in his time. Emancipation of slaves was the ultimate goal for him and other abolitionist. Douglass Believed that the emancipation of slaves in the United States owed a lot to the Revolutions in Haiti. He did not want to mention Haiti, or give it much credit until 1893, when he mention it as a turning point in History. His ideas were still manipulated by white historians.
3.2. British, French, and Spanish armies underestimated the will of Haitian slaves. The Haitian forces defeated their slave masters, and reinforcements from each of their armies. This made whites believe that emancipation of the slaves would lead to more problems. The ending of slavery in Saint-Domingue gave fuel to neighboring slave colonies like Cuba to Brazil. Although Haiti had victory, European leaders like Napoléon would send more troops to Haiti, but Haiti maintained its independence and was a example of how black slaves can achieve as much as whites did.
3.3. Whites did not believe slavery was the cause of revolution, they believed it was just conditions that some lived in which caused them to revolt. This victory caused a change in Laws from the British to stop slave trade in the Atlantic (in fear of moving slaves with the motive of revolution) and ultimately outlawing slavery over all. soon more countries knew about the European losses in Saint-Domingue and even American slave owners were on edge in fear of revolution.
4. racism, revolution, Mexico
4.1. the subjective nature of Indian/ mestizo status is described as not being a biological status, but rather a matter of perception. as described, people may live in a community that has dark complexion and could be considered Indian but it is ultimately their choice if they feel like they are Indian. since this is a situation of self perception. there is always fluidity and change in people identifying itself.
4.2. The term Indian term is can be considered pointless because the term was made up for classification of the others. As European culture and Native culture mixed, it became extremely hard to find a "pure" Indian practice. Since status is the reason why this term is used and people are able to become "less Indian" just by moving up in society. so their is no need for the term Indian in a racial aspect.
4.3. indigeismo was another word constructed for the Indians who were "the problems" to society at any given point. even people who were non-Indian were labeled indigeismo just because of perception from outside influences, like the government.
4.4. Profirian model required the disposition of Indian cultures. The Profirian was intent on indian repression. The regime used methods that were official and unofficial. official meaning laws passed and justification of discrimination against the Indian. Unofficial meaning the use of people under the influence of propaganda to make it undesirable for Indians to live under the regime.
4.5. Molina Enriquez stressed that mestizo was destine to dominate Mexico because of the work required. Their work will no longer be undermined, and will continue to help Mexico grow as a nation. That would mean immigration of more mestizos would continue the growth and ultimately have a political stance in the population. that would grant them equality in the nation.
