Serbian revolution(1804 - 1835)

1. The first Balkan revolution at the beginning of the era of nationalism occurred in Serbia. In this northern province of the Ottoman Empire, bordering Habsburg Empire on Danube and Sava rivers, central authority was the weakest and foreign influence stronger than anywhere else in the Ottoman provinces in Europe.

2. causes

2.1. Serbian Orthodox Church

2.1.1. The patriarchate served as the main reminder of a Serbian state until the early the 18th century, when it was once again abolished on the sultan’s order and replaced with Greek influence, at the urging of the Patriarch of Constantinople.[6] The church was key in maintaining old traditions of the medieval Serbian empire, which was crucial to the rise of nationalism and the protection of national unity.

2.2. Epic Poetry and  Literary Renaissance

2.2.1. Another factor in the preservation of Serbian culture during Ottoman rule was epic poetry. Most of the works were composed by unknown individuals, but passed on through the generations, which ensured their survival. These works mainly focused on the history of Serbia from the days of its medieval empire, which was a source of inspiration to many Serbs who awaited the return of their state’s powerful status. Two of the leaders of the intellectual awakening of the late 18th century were Dimitrije Obradovich and Vuk Karajich.

3. Main events: First Serbian Uprising (1804–13), led by Karađorđe Petrović Hadži Prodan's revolt (1814) Second Serbian Uprising (1815) under Miloš Obrenović Official recognition of the Serbian state (1815–1833)

3.1. During almost 5-10 years of the First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813), Serbia perceived itself as an independent state for the first time after 300 years of Ottoman and short-lasting Austrian occupations. Encouraged by the Russian Empire, the demands for self-government within Ottoman Empire in 1804 evolved into a war for independence by 1807. Following the successful siege with 25,000 men, on 8 January 1807 the charismatic leader of the revolt Karađorđe Petrović proclaimed Belgrade the capital of Serbia.

3.2. In 1814 an unsuccessful Hadži Prodan's revolt was launched by Hadži Prodan Gligorijević, one of the veterans of the First Serbian Uprising.

3.3. The Second Serbian Uprising (1815–1817) was a second phase of the national revolution of the Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, which erupted shortly after the brutal annexation of the country to the Ottoman Empire

3.4. As a result, the Serbian revolution happened Serbia liberation from the Turkish government, and the revival of Serbian society, as well as the adoption of the first hand-written Constitution of Serbia in 1835