1. causes
1.1. the alliance systems
1.2. colonial rivalry in africa and far east
1.3. the naval race between Britain and germany
1.4. Economic rivalry
1.5. Russia made war more likely by supporting Serbia
1.6. German backing for austria was crucially important
1.7. Mobilisation plans of great powers
1.8. a tragedy of miscalculations
2. why war lasted so long?
2.1. two sides were fairly evenly balanced
2.2. other countries not part of original alliance system also joined the wa
2.2.1. in hope of gaining new territories
2.2.2. turkey bulgaria joined the central powers
2.2.3. USA, Japan joined the allied powers
2.3. to make it more complex troops form british empire also played part in the fighting
2.4. individual strategic causes of nations
2.4.1. Germany aimed to take territory poland in east and beligum in west to make it buffer zones against russia and france
2.4.2. french were obsessed with taking back Alsace-Lorraine
2.4.3. Austria Hungry was desperate to protect their empire against ambitions odd Serbia
2.4.4. Britain didn't want belgium to be controlled by Germany
2.5. propaganda helped to motivate and encourage general public as well as military through media, films etc.
2.6. defeat of Russia encouraged the german generals to continue struggle
3. why did central power lose the war?
3.1. Schlieffen Plan failed= Germany has to face war on two fronts
3.2. Allies sea power was decisive = enforced deadly blocked = desperate food shortage among civilian population and crippled exports
3.3. german submarine campaign failed in the face of convoys protected by British, American and Japanese destroyers
3.3.1. also brought USA into war
3.4. Entry of USA
3.5. allied political leaders more competent then of Central powers
3.6. continuous strain of heavy losses on germans
3.6.1. also epidemic of deadly spanish flue
3.7. Germany was badly let down by her allies and was constantly having to help out the Austrians and Bulgarians
4. problems of making a peace settlement
4.1. war aims
4.1.1. Woodrow Wilson declared war aims in his 14 points
4.1.2. when war started none of the participants had definite idea about what they wanted to achieve except Austria -Hungry
4.2. differing allied views about how to treat the defeated powers
4.2.1. france wanted harsh peace to destroy germany
4.2.2. Britain was in favor of less severe settlement
4.2.3. USA was in favour of lenient peace= wanted just peace
5. Treaty of Versailles
5.1. terms
5.1.1. Germany had to loose territory in Europe
5.1.1.1. Alsace lorraine to france
5.1.1.2. North schleswig to Denmark
5.1.1.3. West prussia and posen to Poland
5.1.1.4. Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia given to germany by Russia were taken back from germany. Self determination implemented and these three territories were made independent
5.1.2. Germany's african territories were taken away and became mandate under league of nations
5.1.3. German armaments were strictly limited to 1 lac troops and no conscription, no tanks, no armoured cars etc
5.1.4. war guilt clause
5.1.5. germany was to pay reparations for damage done to allies= 6600 million pounds
5.1.6. A league of nations was formed
5.2. Problems
5.2.1. dictated peace
5.2.2. many provisions not based on 14 points
5.2.3. loss of territory in europe
5.2.3.1. Principle of ""all nationalities should have right to choose which country they want to belong"" was violated for Germans as a million germans were under Polish rule and 3 million under Czechoslovakia
5.2.3.1.1. unification was forbidden because that would have made germany larger and more powerful even than in 1914
5.2.4. loss of germany's african colonies
5.2.5. disarmament clauses were deeply resented
5.2.6. war guilt clause
5.2.7. reparations
5.2.7.1. too much impossible to pay for germans
5.2.7.1.1. actually done by allies to pay back war debts to USA
6. events leading to outbreak of war
6.1. Moroccan crisis 1905-06
6.2. British Government with Russia
6.2.1. Antagonized Germany with its belief of encirclement
6.3. Bosnia crisis 1908
6.3.1. serbia remained bitterly hostile to austria
6.3.2. russian were determined to avoid any further humiliation and embarked upon massive military buildup and modernisation of army
6.4. the agadir crisis 1911
6.5. the first Balkan war 1912
6.6. second balkan war 1913
6.7. Assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand
7. why USA entered war?
7.1. German U boat Compaign
7.2. German encouragement to Mexico to attack USA
8. Impact of of USA entry
8.1. contribution to allied victory
8.2. supplied Britain and France food, merchant ships and credit
8.3. psychological boost which American potential in resources of men and materials gave to allies and corresponding blow it gave to German morale
9. effects of war
9.1. women had to take places of men in factories and other positions as most men were away in armed forces
9.2. appalling death toll among armed forces
9.2.1. 2 million germans
9.2.2. 1.7 million russians
9.2.3. 1.5 million French
9.3. Germany= hardship and defeat caused revolution=Wiemar republic came = scio-eco-pol problem== Hitler became chancellor
9.4. Habsburg empire collapsed completely
9.5. Pressure of war caused two revolutions in Russia
9.5.1. Feb revolution overthrew Tsar
9.5.2. October revolution brought Lenin and Bolsheviks to power
9.6. Italy= war caused drain of resources ==heavily debt==Mussolini took advantage of govt situation and took over control==first fascist dictatorship
9.7. Japan, China and USA took advantage of war in Europe and expanded their their trade==japan and china began their own programme of industrialization
9.8. US President Woodrow Wilson= League of Nations==collective security
10. peace treaties with austria and hungry
10.1. treaty of st germain to deal with Austria
10.1.1. Austria lost many territories
10.2. treaty of Trianon dealing with hungry
10.3. both treaties contained league of nations convent
10.4. this treaty followed spirit of self determination
10.4.1. people were placed under the government of their own nationality
10.4.1.1. a
10.4.2. although not as Wilson would have liked ; in Hungry and Poland
10.5. Problems
10.5.1. Austria
10.5.1.1. Its population was reduced from 22 mn to 6.5 mn
10.5.1.2. its industrial wealth lost to czechokoslovakia and poland
10.5.1.3. austria went in economic crisis had to take load from League of nations
10.5.2. Hungry
10.5.2.1. population reduced from 21 mn to 7.5 mn
10.5.2.2. richest corn land lost to romania
10.5.2.3. new industrial introduced tariffs which=hampered flow of trade= hampered economic recovery of austria
11. treaty of Sevres dealing with Turkey
11.1. Terms
11.1.1. lost many territory regions to Italy
11.1.2. strait were to be permanently open
11.2. Problems
11.2.1. loss of so much territory to greece specially Smyrna outraged Turkish national feeling
11.2.1.1. Turks rejected treaty and chased Greece out of Smyrna
11.2.2. Treaty was revised through New treaty of Lausanne
11.2.2.1. Turkey was first state to challenge paris settlement successfully
11.2.2.2. turkey gained eastern thrace and Constantinople
12. Treaty of Neuilly , dealing with Bulgaria
12.1. Terms
12.1.1. lost territory to greece, romania and yugoslavia