1. Reform Late 1700s
1.1. Sultan Selim III
1.2. Reorganize and update army
1.3. Tanzimat
1.3.1. Factories: Cloth, Paper & Arms
1.3.2. Modern mining Operations
1.3.3. steam ships
1.3.4. Modern Postal Service
1.3.5. Western style law code & courts
1.3.6. News schools
1.3.6.1. compete with Islamic schools
1.3.7. Equal right under law for Muslim & non-Muslims
1.3.7.1. More Opportunities for Christians
1.3.7.1.1. appointed to high officals
1.4. Supporters
1.4.1. Young Ottomans
1.4.1.1. Who were they
1.4.1.1.1. Lower level officials
1.4.1.1.2. Military officers
1.4.1.1.3. Writers/ poets & Journalists
1.4.1.2. Did not have a lot of success
1.4.1.3. Opposed
1.4.1.3.1. Tyrannical rule
1.4.1.3.2. Religious law
1.4.1.4. View
1.4.1.4.1. "Turkish nation state"
1.4.1.5. 1908 Successful military coup
1.4.1.5.1. Reforms
1.4.1.6. Wanted
1.4.1.6.1. Secularization or schools, laws & Courts
1.4.1.6.2. Turkish - Official Language
1.4.1.6.3. Modern schools for Women
1.4.1.6.4. Women could divorce
1.4.2. New secular state
1.4.3. European style democratic, constitutional Government
1.4.3.1. Fix "Backwardness"
1.4.4. Islamic Modernization
1.4.4.1. Muslims embrace Western ytechnology and scientific knowledge
1.4.4.1.1. Reject: materialism
1.5. Defensive Modernization
1.5.1. Beginning more successful
1.5.1.1. lack of internal upheaval
1.5.1.2. No rebellion at the center
1.5.1.3. leader - culturally simiar
2. Problems
2.1. Territorial Losses
2.1.1. European aggression
2.1.1.1. EX: 1798 Napoleon's invasion of Egypt
2.1.2. Nationalism movements
2.1.2.1. EX: Greece, Bulgaria & Romainia
2.1.3. Independence movements
2.2. Weak economy
2.2.1. Europeans had access to Asian trade
2.2.2. Competition from cheap European goods
2.2.3. Unbalanced agreements with Europeans
2.2.3.1. Some Europeans exempt from taxes
2.2.4. Relied on foreign loan
2.2.4.1. Unable to pay back