1. Methodology (Hubert)
1.1. 3 Key Understandings of Historians
1.1.1. Why
1.1.1.1. Interpreter
1.1.1.1.1. After knowing the facts, historians must be able to understand why it happened
1.1.2. How
1.1.3. What Happened
1.1.3.1. Researcher
1.1.3.1.1. Spend hours gathering data, reviewing multiple sources of information to confirm a single fact
1.1.3.1.2. Primary and secondary sources
1.1.3.1.3. Historians motivation is to find out why and how
1.1.3.2. Language of can affect judgement
1.2. Primary and secondary sources
1.2.1. The only way to obtain knowledge from the past
1.2.1.1. Both primary and secondary sources must be studied in order to understand history
1.2.2. Primary sources= Evidence (Books) written during that time
1.2.2.1. Novels sometimes are used to understand how life is like during that time period
1.2.3. Secondary sources= Books or articles written by historians based on primary sources
1.2.3.1. Gaps of history found through secondary sources
1.3. History
1.3.1. Accumulating data and refining nuances
1.3.2. Seeking corroboration, qualification and correction
2. Scope & Application (Max)
2.1. To know the future you must know the past
2.1.1. Examples: Korean splitting, Palestine Israel conflict, etc..
2.1.1.1. In order to attempt solving of these current issues, a vast understanding of the history behind these events must be prevalent.
2.1.1.2. Not to say that history is the only vital element needed to solve these issues, however, it is still important nonetheless.
2.2. History is often a recreational activity, also very often an attraction for tourists
2.2.1. Different areas have different historical significance, the knowledge of the history is in demand to be shared
2.2.1.1. Approximately 1 million people visited the Acropolis in Athens, Greece in 2017, demonstrating the significance of history on today's population.
2.3. Issues with history
2.3.1. Historic events being obviously so old have started to be questioned regarding the accuracy of theories today
2.3.1.1. In some cases, evidence can be of someones memory of the past and this forms many inaccuracies.
2.3.1.1.1. Biases form, memories fade, exaggerations may occur, etc..
3. Historical Development (Prarthana+Misato)
3.1. To look at history and how it has developed over the years
3.1.1. We must analyse and cross reference units from different time frames
3.1.1.1. If we look at how the theories of space was first developed, we see how even the great philosophers guessed wrongly about the sun and the earth and their movements in relation to each other
3.1.1.1.1. evolution
3.2. All human activities, including history, are culturally (or socially, the meanings in this instance are the same) influenced, but history is not "culturally constructed" or "culturally determined"
3.2.1. history
3.3. no one type of history is intrinsically better than another
3.3.1. provided the fundamental, but ever-expanding methodologies are adhered to, it all depends upon which topics and questions are being addressed.
3.4. In the recent study of history greater emphasis has been given to comparative history and to cultural history
3.4.1. one of the greatest strengths of history today is that nothing is ruled out.
3.4.1.1. History shapes the way we view things- as we are able to to understand the context behind certain people's actions
3.4.1.1.1. For example, when judging the situation in Palestine between the Israeli and the Arabs, we have to consider the context of historical dispute
3.4.2. General Understanding of 3 concepts of TOK;
3.4.3. Effect of war:
3.4.4. Diplomatic conflict;
3.4.4.1. Historical Development through humanity;What effect did wars have on the relations between certain countries? how does this stunt future opportunities for growth?
3.5. Pre History:
3.5.1. Herodotus was considered to be the first historian, said to be the instigator of the profound study
3.5.1.1. Earlier, scriptures and language were unavailable to human beings, so much history took place orally
3.5.1.1.1. Wall paintings- visual communication
3.6. Present day history:
3.6.1. Present day history takes form with the study of the world around us
3.6.1.1. We are able to see this from a multitude of sources (primary secondary tertiary)
3.7. prehistoric:
3.7.1. How did olden history originate?
3.7.1.1. Taking place through wall paintings, visual aid, and artistic interpretation
4. Language & Concepts (Ollie)
4.1. Historians should aim for accuracy when using language in History.
4.1.1. Ineffective use of language can cause miscommunication.
4.2. Use of metaphors
4.2.1. Cause confusion
4.2.2. can be an aid
4.2.3. Use sparingly
4.3. In historical writing meaning must come before the enjoyment of the reader. Telling a good story is meaningless if the story doesn't communicate the facts.
4.3.1. Don't be tempted to sell a good story over accurately reporting facts.
4.3.2. Many historians in history were paid to tell a certain story as history. Be aware of this.
4.4. Historians interpret facts to develop the historical story, making sure to remove bias and to not assume anything is critical to the History AOK
4.4.1. Facts + Historian +Interpretation = History
4.4.1.1. clear and easy to understand
4.4.1.2. Interpretations can be affected by biases such as:
4.4.1.2.1. Ethnicity
4.4.1.2.2. Race
4.4.1.2.3. Religion
4.4.1.2.4. Monetary incentive
4.4.1.2.5. Personal Ethics
4.4.1.2.6. Personal experiences
4.4.2. Assumptions work on intuition which is not a reliable source of information/opinion. Therefore assumptions shouldn't be used to aid interpretation.
5. Personal Knowledge (Anton)
5.1. What are the implications of history in terms of your individual perspective?
5.1.1. the interpretations of events that happened (through media)
5.1.1.1. Different interpretations made by different individuals
5.1.2. Affects based on Academics and textbooks
5.1.3. Affects based on previous/self-taught factual information through verbal communication
5.2. What assumptions underlie YOUR own approach to this knowledge?
5.2.1. Being biased based on:
5.2.1.1. Personal values
5.2.1.2. Religion
5.2.1.3. Ethnicity
5.2.1.4. Interests
5.2.1.5. Nature of character
5.3. To what extent are you involved with history? How is your perception of the world, and your position it in, affected by history?
5.3.1. The affects of experience on one's personal knowledge
5.3.1.1. Sense perception
5.3.1.1.1. Memory
5.3.1.1.2. Emotions
5.3.1.2. Firsthand observations
5.3.1.2.1. Eye-witnesses
5.3.1.3. Regards to past experiences
5.3.1.3.1. Skills
5.3.1.3.2. Talents
5.3.1.3.3. Abilities
5.4. What is personal knowledge founded on/made up of?
5.4.1. Skills and procedural knowledge acquired through:
5.4.1.1. Practice and habituation
5.4.1.2. Linguistic abilities
5.4.1.3. Personal trial and error
5.4.2. Skills gained without the interests of academic influences
5.4.2.1. What I may have come to know through social interactions from people with
5.4.2.1.1. Different backgrounds
5.4.2.1.2. Vivid personal experiences
5.4.2.1.3. Who may have been restricted to certain information (and vice versa)
5.4.3. Skills obtained through formal education
5.4.3.1. What I have learned from a formal education, which may have been lead to the interpretations of
5.4.3.1.1. Facts
5.4.3.1.2. Opinions
5.4.4. Skills from personal academic research
5.4.4.1. If submitted it would be considered personal research completed using
5.4.4.1.1. Surveys/questionnaires
5.4.4.1.2. Speaking to an individual who has experienced something in the past
5.4.4.1.3. Completing an experiment
5.5. To what extent are you involved in moulding history?
5.5.1. Experiencing events through:
5.5.1.1. Watching it on television; images or short clips
5.5.1.2. Seeing the event take place with own eyes
5.5.1.3. Reading or interpreting events on the news
5.5.1.4. Documentaries
5.5.1.5. Individuals sharing information based on what they have heard or seen previously