When politics and sport collide, is it ever justifiable for politicians interfere in sport?

1. What was the extent of the Russian doping scandal?

1.1. 2014

1.1.1. The use of the drugs at Olympics

1.1.1.1. How was it not detected?

1.1.1.1.1. STEP 1: Ahead of the Sochi games a athlete gives a clean urine sample when performance enhancing drugs are not in system

1.2. 2015

1.2.1. Head of the Moscow anti-doping Grigory Rodchenkov resigns

1.3. 2016

1.3.1. Rodchenkov reveals that he made athletes take drugs

1.3.2. The banning from Rio and the fall out of that in Russia

1.4. 2017

1.4.1. The acceptance of the allegations

1.5. "During times lf universal deceit. Telling the truth becomes a revolutionary act"-George Orwell

1.6. Putin was aware the whole time

1.7. 2008 Olympics

1.7.1. 30 athletes doped

1.8. London 2012 over 50% doped

1.9. Grigory Mikhailovich Rodchenkov is the former head of Russia's national anti-doping laboratory

1.9.1. Got Exposed in German documentary in 2014. Doc said Russian federation made 99% of their athletes dope

1.9.2. He tried to catch dopers in the Sochi Olympics

1.9.2.1. "Two [Russian] [sport] athletes, winners of 4 Sochi Olympic Gold medals, and a female Silver medal winner in [sport] had samples with salt readings that were physiologically impossible" and that "Twelve [Russian] medal winning athletes ... from 44 examined samples had scratches and marks on the inside of the caps of their B sample bottles, indicating tampering"

1.9.3. Rodchenkov said doping athletes was part of his job and his laboratory would have stopped receiving funding if he had not done it.

1.9.4. Grigory Rodchenkov claimed he doped dozens of athletes before the 2014 Winter Olympics, which were held in Sochi, Russia.

1.9.5. Dr Rodchenkov's "cocktail" of steroids was given to athletes prior to London 2012. They were drugs he felt were least likely to be detected

1.9.6. WADA releases a statement saying that the allegations against Russia are true, they found cover ups, destruction of samples, payments of money in order to conceal the doping test and they came to the conclusion that none of this could have happened without the knowledge of the state authorities(State sponsored doping) . They recommended that Grigory gets removed and the WADA accreditation gets removed and the Russia Federation gets suspended. Grigory resigned and their Anti-doping lap was suspended

1.10. A chain of communication Girgory --> Yuri Nagornykh (Vice Minister) --> Vitaly Mutko (Russian minister of sport) --> Putin

1.11. It says Russian athletes benefited from what the report called the "Disappearing Positive Methodology", whereby positive doping samples would go missing.

1.12. Russia decided to cheat following the "very abysmal" medal count of 15 at the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics

1.13. It began making positive drug tests disappear from its anti-doping laboratories in late 2011

1.14. Before the Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia created a storage bank of clean, frozen urine

1.15. Russia's security service, the FSB, worked in a building next to the Sochi laboratory, swapping positive urine samples for clean negative ones through a "mouse hole", adding table salt to make them weigh the same

1.16. A key FSB agent had access to the Sochi anti-doping laboratory, disguised as a sewage and plumbing contractor

1.17. But, in swapping urine samples, the FSB agents left miniscule tool marks on the bottles - later found by McLaren's investigators using a microscope

1.18. The Moscow laboratory destroyed 8,000 samples it held dated prior to 10 September 2014

2. Introduction

2.1. Munich Games

2.1.1. Munich massacre

2.1.1.1. 17 total (including perpetrators)

2.1.1.2. 6 Israeli coaches

2.1.1.3. 5 Israeli athletes

2.1.1.4. 5 Black September members

2.1.1.5. 1 West German police officer

2.1.1.6. Palestinians storm Israeli apartments

2.1.1.6.1. Take athletes hostage

2.1.2. large amounts of controversy between Palestine and Israel

2.1.2.1. Many laws stipulating Palestinian life in Israel

2.1.2.1.1. Palestinian citizens are blocked from leasing about 80 percent of the land controlled by the state according to Adalah.

2.1.2.1.2. According to the Absentees' Property Law (1950), Palestinian refugees expelled after November 29, 1947, are "absentees" and are denied any rights. Their land, houses/apartments, and bank accounts (movable and immovable property) were confiscated by the state.

2.1.2.1.3. Simultaneously, the Law of Return (1950) gave Jews from anywhere in the world the right to automatically become Israeli citizens.

2.1.2.1.4. For Palestinians who have a "permanent" residency status to live in Jerusalem, entry into and residency in Jerusalem is "a revocable privilege, instead of an inherent right", according to human rights organisation Al- Haq.

2.2. Nike Advert with Colin Kaepernick

2.2.1. Wrongdoings against the coloured community

2.2.2. Took a knee during national anthem

2.2.2.1. Promoted Donald Trump to say anyone who did this should be fired

2.2.2.1.1. Kaepernick was then a free agent

2.3. Book the sporting spirit

3. END OF EACH SECTION

3.1. MY OPINION

3.2. WAS IT JUSTIFIABLE

3.3. DID IT ACHIEVE THE AIM

4. Why do politicians get involved in the hosting of a major sporting event ?

4.1. From economical view

4.1.1. Disadvantages

4.1.1.1. Costs

4.1.1.1.1. Building Stadiums

4.1.1.2. Short-term use

4.1.1.2.1. Many facilities built can never be fully used again

4.1.1.3. Potential for negative publicity

4.1.1.3.1. Qatar football World Cup

4.1.1.3.2. Winter Olympics

4.1.1.3.3. Delhi suffered negative publicity over the state of its facilities at the Commonwealth Games.

4.1.1.4. Costs of Security

4.1.1.4.1. They need high levels of security

4.1.1.4.2. Sometimes large cost on security doesn't always work

4.1.1.5. Higher taxes to pay

4.1.1.5.1. Makes post-games cost of games uncertain

4.1.2. Advantages

4.1.2.1. Raise profile of the city/country

4.1.2.1.1. Increasing the profile of a city can lead to lasting economic benefits

4.1.2.1.2. Greater Benefits

4.1.2.2. Jobs and Investment

4.1.2.2.1. Several years of investment will create jobs and can revitalise struggling cities

4.1.2.2.2. London Olympic estimates

4.1.2.3. SR Econ benefits

4.1.2.3.1. Surge in visitors, athletes and media

4.1.2.4. Long Term Investments

4.1.2.4.1. The city or country will have a legacy of improved sporting venues

4.1.2.4.2. Cities have to invest in infrastructure and transport to cater for greater tourist numbers

4.1.2.5. Economic benefits of hosting an major sporting event

4.1.2.5.1. Sport as a merit good

4.1.2.5.2. Sport industry

4.1.2.5.3. Can get people outside

4.1.2.5.4. Attracting tourists

4.1.2.5.5. Business investment

4.1.2.5.6. Enthusiasm

4.1.3. Should a country like the UK be hosting a major event with a large national debt?

4.1.3.1. In 2012, the UK’s national debt was over 62% of GDP. Annual Borrowing in 2011/12 is close to 10% of GDP. In these times of spending cuts, should we be spending money on a sporting event?

4.1.3.1.1. The investment and spending are important given the state of the economy. With unemployment close to 3 million, this investment helps create economic recovery. The investment has a potential for leading to higher growth and higher future tax revenues.

4.2. Economic benefits and costs of hosting a World Cup

4.2.1. World-cup in Brazil 2014

4.2.1.1. Bring an additional $29bn to the Brazilian economy

4.2.1.2. In total additional $36.6bn will flow into the country from 2010 to 2014

4.2.1.3. Generated 3.63 million jobs/year

4.2.1.4. Cost $15bn

4.3. Corruption

4.3.1. Mutko has been in position since 2008. He is a member of the executive committee of football's world governing body, Fifa,

5. What was the effect of Apartheid on sport in SA?

5.1. Rugby Union

5.1.1. South Africa and their rugby tours

5.1.1.1. 1921

5.1.1.1.1. First game between SA and NZ

5.1.1.2. 1959

5.1.1.2.1. A proposed All Blacks tour of South Africa was met with protest by some New Zealanders.

5.1.1.3. 1964

5.1.1.3.1. Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment

5.1.1.4. 1965

5.1.1.4.1. Black spectators could not attend sports events in white areas without gov permission

5.1.1.4.2. SA PM said in a speech gov only permit all-white NZ rugby team

5.1.1.5. 1967

5.1.1.5.1. PM John Vorster said that touring teams of SA would no longer dictate what the racial makeup of visiting sports teams should be

5.1.1.6. 1977

5.1.1.6.1. Commonwealth signed the Gleneagles agreement

5.1.1.7. 1985

5.1.1.8. 1987

5.1.1.8.1. SA excluded from the first RWC tournament

5.1.1.9. 1992

5.1.1.9.1. International sporting boycott against SA was lifted

5.1.1.10. 1995

5.1.1.10.1. SA won World Cup and Mandela presented the trophy

5.1.1.11. 2010

5.1.1.11.1. SA government apologised to Maori player left out of NZ tours of the country in '28, '49 and '60

5.2. Football

5.2.1. SA suspended from Fifa in 1961. After a visit to the country by the English president of Fifa, Stanley Rous

5.2.1.1. The suspension was lifted and South African football officials suggested they send an all-white team to the 1966 World Cup in England, and an all-black one to Mexico four years later.

5.2.1.1.1. Unsurprisingly idea was rejected

5.2.2. In 1976, after police shot and killed unarmed school pupils protesting the use of Afrikaans in schools, Fifa expelled the white Football Association of South Africa.

5.2.2.1. Thereafter the pressure on the South African government increased at all levels—sport being one of them.

5.3. Sport was also used as a vehicle to rid the country of the apartheid policy.

5.3.1. There had, of course, been protest both internally and externally against the racist sports policies of the South African government before 1960, but as more African countries gained independence from their erstwhile colonial masters in the 1960s, this pressure increased dramatically

5.3.2. International sports boycott

5.3.2.1. In SA protests included refusal to have any contact with those involved in racist sport

5.3.2.1.1. SA gov intro superficial changes

5.3.3. Former Sacos president Joe Ebrahim acknowledges the role the sports boycott had in finally ridding the country of apartheid. “It was one of those areas that was auxiliary to the political struggle.

5.3.3.1. South African Council on Sport (Sacos)

5.3.3.2. Joe Ebrahim --> “I don’t think one can place sport in such a high category as to say that it was instrumental in bringing about change, but I think what it did, it focused people’s attention on the fact that we couldn’t live almost a dual life in terms of which in everyday society we were denied basic rights, we were denied the opportunity to exercise our universal rights and then go and play sport as if it was a normal world.

5.4. Sport thus contributed towards the complete isolation of South Africa, which then in turn contributed towards the unbanning of black political organisations and ultimately towards the first democratic elections in 1994

6. Conclusion

6.1. Should politics interfere in sport

6.1.1. Generally bad

6.1.1.1. Interferes with competative nature of sport

6.1.1.2. Intereferes with the fair nature of sport

6.1.1.3. Places artifisale barrier or enhanments to free and fair sporting achievement

6.1.1.4. would a population tolerate interference by politicians in the electoral process in the same way they have tolerated political interference in sport?

6.1.2. But

6.1.2.1. Political support for hosting a major event is good eg Econ arguments

6.1.2.2. Apathied

6.1.2.2.1. Macro level

6.1.2.2.2. Mico Level

6.1.2.3. Munich games

6.1.2.3.1. Different due to terror attack

6.1.3. Examples of really bad

6.1.3.1. Russian doping

6.1.3.2. Trump