1. Models in the Study of Literature
1.1. Cultural Model
1.1.1. - understand and appreciate cultures and ideologies.
1.2. Language Model
1.2.1. - promote language development, teaching of vocabulary and language structure.
1.3. Personal Model
1.3.1. - develop a lasting pleasure in reading and continuing growth of understanding.
2. Levels of Meaning in Reading
2.1. 1. Lexical Meaning
2.1.1. - Definition or from the dictionary
2.2. Structural & Grammatical Meaning
2.3. Socio-Cultural Meaning
2.3.1. - Subjective and highly localized the meaning of an expression in one country, may be different in another. - Example: Idioms
3. Hippolyte Taine's Concepts of:
3.1. 1. Race
3.1.1. - Has a distinct cultural trait (Malay, Spanish, American, etc.)
3.2. 2. Moment
3.2.1. - Shaped the thinking; the condition of the times (Colonization, Revolution, Terrorism)
3.3. 3. Milieu
3.3.1. - Individual forces that contribute to the artistic production. - Examples: Geographical environment, Political landscape, Education, etc.
4. What is Literature?
4.1. A timeless expression of stories that are written in a creative style which will stimulate the reader's imagination
4.2. It stimulates feelings, impart understanding, entertain and enlighten the reader (Rosenberg, 1992)
4.3. Literature means "acquaintance with letters". It came from the Latin word "littera" which means letter.
5. Scope of World Literature
5.1. Works from Authors in the Established Canon of World Literature
5.1.1. Arabic Literature
5.1.2. African Literature
5.1.3. Latin American Literature
5.1.4. Caribbean Literature
5.1.5. Asian Literature
5.1.6. European Literature
5.1.7. Australasian Literature
6. Significance of World Literature
6.1. Literature for entertainment
6.2. Literature as a form of instruction
6.3. Literature a communication tool
6.4. Literature as a representation of history
6.5. Literature as counter-history
7. Interpreting Literature
7.1. 'Interpretation' - is the exploration of the many meanings of literature.
7.1.1. - depends on how well it supports the text
7.2. - Responding to a work of literature
7.3. 'Close Reading' - is the basis for interpretation.
8. Close Reading
8.1. - One notes specific uses of language such as imagery, symbols, repeated terms, patterns of expression, the tone of the speaker, and the main ideas the writer introduces.
8.1.1. - Noting of allusions to other literary works.
8.1.2. - Reading and rereading
8.1.3. - Based on a careful questioning of the text.
9. Interpretative Strategies
9.1. Text-Based
9.1.1. - meaning is in the text
9.2. Reader-Based
9.2.1. - created by the reader in the act of reading
9.3. Context-Based
9.3.1. - meaning is related to biographical, historical and cultural information.
10. Main Divisions
10.1. PROSE
10.1.1. Form: Written in paragraph form
10.1.2. Language: Expressed in ordinary language
10.1.3. Appeal: To the intellect
10.1.4. Aim: To convince, inform, instruct, imitate and reflect.
10.2. POETRY
10.2.1. Form: Written in stanza or verse form
10.2.2. Language: Expressed in metrical, rhythmical, and figurative language
10.2.3. Appeal: To the emotion
10.2.4. Aim: Stir the imagination and set an ideal on how life should be