The Development of Vaccines for COVID-19

1. Steps in vaccine development

1.1. Pre-clinical studies

1.2. Phase I clinical trial

1.3. Phase II clinical trial

1.4. Phase III clinical trial

1.5. Phase IV post marketing surveillance

2. 10 vaccines in Phase III trials

3. Mechanism of action for types of vaccines

3.1. Inactivated viral vaccines

3.2. Viral vector vaccines

3.3. Protein-based vaccines

3.4. Nucleic acid vaccines

4. Outcome Measures

4.1. Safety indexes of adverse reactions

4.2. Immunogenicity indexes of neutralizing-antibody

4.3. Immunogenicity indexes of cell-mediated immune responses

5. global pandemic

6. Based on SARS-CoV Immunological Studies

6.1. spike protein

6.2. nucleocapsid (N) protein

7. Materials and Methods

7.1. biosafety level 3 (P3+)

7.2. Virus titration

7.3. Vaccine candidate preparation

7.4. Virus inactivation validation

7.5. RT-PCR

7.6. Challenge assay of rhesus macaques

7.7. Neutralizing assay

7.8. Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA)

7.9. Vaccine safety evaluation