1. Atomic Spectroscopy
1.1. Components of Optical Instruments
1.1.1. Source of Radiation
1.1.1.1. Continuum Sources
1.1.1.2. Line Source
1.1.1.3. Laser Sources
1.1.2. Sample
1.1.3. Wavelength Selector
1.1.4. Detector
1.1.5. Signal Processor and Readout
1.2. Atomic Absorption
1.2.1. One element at a time
1.2.2. More quantitative
1.3. Atomic Emission
1.3.1. Many elements within a sample
1.3.2. Can be both qualitative and quantitative
1.4. Atomic Fluorescence
1.4.1. better sensitivity than atomic absorption
1.5. X-ray fluorescence
1.5.1. Emission of characteristic X-rays
2. Molecular Spectroscopy
2.1. UV-visible Molecular Absorption
2.1.1. Non-bonding, Bonding and Anti-bonding orbitals
2.1.2. Conjugated system: Bathochromic shift
2.2. Infrared Spectroscopy
2.2.1. Net change in dipole moment in a molecule
2.2.2. Stretching and Bending vibrations
2.2.3. delta v = +/- 1
2.2.4. Excitation to vibrational modes
2.3. Raman spectroscopy
2.3.1. Strokes and Anti-Strokes Shifts
2.3.2. Change in polarizability
2.3.3. Excitation to virtual states
2.4. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
2.4.1. Singlet and Triplet states
2.4.2. Absorption, Fluorescence, Internal Conversion, Vibrational Relaxation, Intersystem Crossing, Phosphorescence
2.4.3. Quantum Yield
2.4.4. Fluorescence: S1 to So and Phosphorescence: T1 to So