Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development

1. Overdose of Vitamins

1.1. Vitamin A

1.2. Vitamin D

2. Pathogens

2.1. HIV

2.2. Syphilis

3. Maternal Stress

3.1. Stress hormones

3.1.1. Adrenaline

3.1.2. Corticolsteroids

4. Maternal Nutrition

4.1. What should a pregnant woman eat?

4.1.1. Protein

4.1.2. Vitamin A

4.1.3. Vitamin D

4.1.4. Vitamin E

4.1.5. Vitamin K

4.1.6. Vitamin C

4.1.7. Calcium

4.1.8. Folic Acid

4.1.9. Zinc

4.2. How much weight should a pregnant woman gain?

4.2.1. The slimmer a woman is before pregnancy, the more weight she is advised to gain during pregnancy

4.2.2. BMI of 18.5–24.9 - gain 25 -30 pounds

4.2.3. BMI of 25.0–29.9 - gain 15 25 pounds

4.2.4. BMI > 30 - gain 11-20 pounds

5. Effects of Drugs

5.1. Prescription Drugs

5.1.1. Tetracycline

5.1.2. Bendictin

5.1.3. Streptomycin

5.1.4. Progestin

5.2. Other drugs

5.2.1. Caffeine

5.2.2. Cigarette smoke

5.2.3. Alcohol

6. Environmental Hazards

6.1. Heavy metals

6.2. X-rays