1. Large intestine
2. Saliva
2.1. Control
2.1.1. Stimulation
2.1.1.1. Tactile
2.1.1.2. ANS
2.1.1.2.1. PNS
2.1.1.2.2. SNS
2.1.1.3. Cognitive
2.1.1.3.1. Conditioning
2.2. Functions
2.2.1. Lubrication & Moistening
2.2.2. Antibacterial
2.2.3. Digestion
2.2.3.1. Minor
2.2.3.2. Enzymes
2.2.3.2.1. Amylase
2.2.3.2.2. Lipase
3. Major Organs
3.1. Stomach
3.1.1. Gastric Rugae
3.2. Esophagus
3.3. Intestines
3.3.1. Small intestine
3.3.1.1. Duodenum
3.3.1.2. Jejunum
3.3.1.3. Ileum
3.3.2. Large intestine
3.3.2.1. Ascending Colon
3.3.2.1.1. Cecum (Caecum)
3.3.2.1.2. Appendix
3.3.2.2. Transverse Colon
3.3.2.3. Descending Colon
3.4. Rectum
3.5. Pharnyx
3.6. Anus
3.7. Mouth/Oral Cavity
4. Prevention of Acid Secretion
4.1. H2 receptor blockers
4.1.1. TZP
4.2. Proton pump inhibitors
4.2.1. PP
5. Cystic fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)
5.1. Defective chloride channel
5.1.1. Gene mutation
5.1.2. water secretion
6. Functions
6.1. Secretion
6.1.1. Gastric
6.1.2. Lubrication
6.1.3. Liquifying
6.1.3.1. Aids absorption
6.1.3.2. Neutralization
6.1.4. Digestion
6.2. Storage and Elimination
6.3. Absorption
6.3.1. Water
6.3.1.1. Vital to survival
6.3.1.2. Major uptake in small intestine
6.3.2. Vitamin B-12
6.3.2.1. Intrinsic factor
6.3.2.1.1. Ileum
6.3.3. Transport
6.4. Digestion
6.4.1. Mechanical
6.4.2. Chemical
6.5. Propulsion/Motility
6.5.1. Reflexes
6.5.1.1. Peristalsis
6.5.1.1.1. Peristalsis reflex
6.5.1.1.2. Weak but repetitive
6.5.1.2. Enteroenteric
6.5.1.2.1. Inhibition of peristalsis
6.5.1.3. Ileogastric
6.5.1.3.1. No room
6.5.1.3.2. Gastric emptying slowed
6.5.1.3.3. similar to enteroenteric
6.5.1.4. Gastroileal
6.5.1.5. Colonileal
6.5.1.6. Gastrocolic
6.5.1.6.1. Defecation
6.5.1.6.2. IAS to relax
6.5.1.6.3. EAS -> voluntary
6.5.1.6.4. gastric/duodenal distension
6.5.2. Ingestion
6.5.2.1. Stomach
6.5.2.1.1. Wringing motion (oblique muscle)
6.5.2.1.2. Mixing and Churning
6.5.2.1.3. Gastrogastric reflex
6.5.2.1.4. Peristaltic waves
6.5.2.2. Esophagus
6.5.2.2.1. Weak peristalsis
6.5.2.2.2. UES under voluntary control (skeletal muscle)
6.5.2.3. Small intestine
6.5.2.3.1. Movements
6.6. Immune Barrier
7. Chemistry
7.1. Buffer Chemistry
8. Metabolism Contribution
9. Gastrointestinal Diseases/Conditions
9.1. Too much gastric secretion
9.1.1. H. pylori
9.1.1.1. Urease
9.1.1.2. Toxins
9.1.2. GERD
9.1.3. Peptic Ulcer Disease
9.2. Gallstones
9.2.1. 80% cholesterol
9.2.2. 20% bilirubin and calcium
9.2.2.1. pigment stones
9.2.3. Very painful
9.2.4. Surgical gallbladder removal
10. Secretion
10.1. Stomach
10.1.1. Gastric
10.1.1.1. Epithelium
10.1.1.1.1. Exocrine
10.1.1.1.2. Endocrine
10.1.1.2. Acid
10.1.1.2.1. Alkaline Tide
10.1.1.2.2. Protein digestion
10.1.1.2.3. Bacteriocidal
10.1.1.2.4. Bone digestion
10.1.1.2.5. K+/H+ ATPase
10.1.1.2.6. Secretagogues
10.1.1.2.7. Anti-secretagogues
10.1.1.3. Other
10.1.1.3.1. Gastric lipase
10.1.1.3.2. Gelatinase
10.1.1.3.3. Gastric amylase
10.1.2. Control
10.1.2.1. Cephalic Phase
10.1.2.1.1. sight
10.1.2.1.2. smell
10.1.2.1.3. thought
10.1.2.1.4. Medulla Oblongata
10.1.2.1.5. Histamine
10.1.2.1.6. Gastrin
10.1.2.2. Gastric Phase
10.1.2.2.1. Triggered by food
10.1.2.2.2. Gastrogastric reflex
10.1.2.2.3. Negative feedback at pH <2
10.1.2.3. Intestinal Phase
10.1.2.3.1. Enterogastric reflex
10.1.2.3.2. Anti-secreto.
10.1.2.3.3. motility
10.2. Small intestine
10.2.1. Pancreas
10.2.1.1. Endocrine
10.2.1.1.1. [Blood sugar] control
10.2.1.1.2. Insulin
10.2.1.1.3. Glucagon
10.2.1.2. Exocrine
10.2.1.2.1. Enzymes
10.2.1.2.2. Out through pancreatic duct
10.2.1.2.3. Aqueous
10.2.1.3. Control
10.2.1.3.1. secretion
10.2.2. Liver
10.2.2.1. Bile production
10.2.2.1.1. Bile acids
10.2.2.1.2. Bicarbonate
10.2.2.1.3. by Secretin
10.2.3. Gallbladder
10.2.3.1. Bile acids
10.2.3.1.1. Re-absorption
10.2.3.1.2. made by hepatocytes
10.2.3.1.3. oxidation of cholesterol
10.2.3.1.4. cholesterol synthesis = very energy consuming
10.2.3.1.5. 20-30 mg/day secreted
10.2.3.1.6. bile salts
10.2.3.2. Concentrated bile
10.2.3.2.1. 5-15x
10.2.3.3. stores 30-60 ml
10.2.3.4. ~500 ml/day
10.2.3.5. Emptying control
10.2.3.5.1. CCK
10.2.3.5.2. Weak vagus nerve stimulation
10.2.4. Paneth cells
10.2.4.1. Control
10.2.5. Control
11. Respiratory System
12. Renal System
13. Anatomy
13.1. Accessory Organs
13.1.1. Pancreas
13.1.2. Oral Cavity
13.1.2.1. Teeth
13.1.2.2. Tongue
13.1.2.3. Salivary Glands
13.1.2.3.1. Submandibular
13.1.2.3.2. Parotid
13.1.2.3.3. Sublingual
13.2. Structure
14. Histology
14.1. Gastric Rugae
14.2. Small Intestine
14.3. Tissue Layers
14.4. Enteric Plexus
14.4.1. Myenteric plexus
14.4.2. Submucousal plexus
15. Terms to Remember
16. Other Body System Intergrations
16.1. Acid/Base Balance Mechanism
16.2. Endocrine System
16.2.1. GI Hormones