1. fail
1.1. Ignorance of the intrinsic characteristics of the terrain.
1.2. the deficiencies in the project or in the execution of the foundations.
1.3. Inadequate actions in the immediate environment of a foundation.
1.4. Alterations to the terrain in the immediate surroundings of a foundation.
2. types
2.1. shallow foundation
2.1.1. zapatas
2.1.1.1. it is a type of shallow foundation
2.1.1.2. transmits the loads from the structure to the ground
2.1.1.3. must guarantee security and stability
2.1.2. isolated zapatas
2.1.2.1. they are the simplest and most economical foundations.
2.1.2.2. they are the simplest and most economical foundations.
2.1.2.3. It is not recommended on soft floors.
2.1.2.4. types
2.1.2.4.1. centered zapata.
2.1.2.4.2. party wall zapata.
2.1.2.4.3. corner zapata.
2.1.3. combined zapatas
2.1.3.1. soil with low bearing capacity
2.1.3.2. short distance between elements
2.1.3.3. shoe for two or more elements
2.1.4. connected zapatas
2.1.4.1. generated by eccentricity.
2.1.4.2. United for life of rigid connection.
2.1.4.3. avoid turning and rotating the eccentric shoe
2.1.5. slab foundation
2.1.5.1. confined masonry
2.1.5.2. simple concrete
2.1.5.3. transmits loads from the walls to the ground
2.1.5.4. minimum width 50 cm
2.2. deep foundation
2.2.1. soft soils depth > 6m
2.2.2. seeks to establish foundations in resistant soils.
2.2.3. guarantees the stability of the structure
2.2.4. wall screen
2.2.4.1. it is used as a containment wall.
2.2.4.2. structures with basements.
2.2.4.3. part of the foundation structure.
2.2.5. pilots
2.2.5.1. allows to move the loasds to the most resistant stratum.
2.2.5.2. it's also used as a containment wall.
2.2.5.3. it works in conjunction with surface foundation.
3. Common problems
3.1. weak structure
3.2. poor concrete preparation
3.3. wrong dosage
3.4. unstable ground
3.4.1. do not carry out soil mechanics studies
3.4.2. hillside buildings
3.4.3. bad constructions
3.4.4. contamination with external agents
3.4.4.1. not knowing the composition of the terrain
3.4.4.2. lack of foundation protection
3.5. differential settlements
3.5.1. do not perform an EMS
3.5.2. Service load exceeds allowable capacity
3.5.3. heterogeneous soils