Increase of Ship's Frictional Resistance during Operations

1. Reduced Endurance

2. Higher Green House Gas Emissions (GHGs)

3. Reduced Efficiency of Operations

4. Frequent Drydocking and Coating Requirements

5. Caused by Increased Hull Surface Roughness

5.1. Marine Bio Fouling

5.1.1. Antifouling Coatings & Technologies

5.1.1.1. Controlled Depletion Coatings

5.1.1.2. Self-Polishing Copolymer (SPC) paints

5.1.1.3. Silicone based hydrophobic antifouling coatings

5.1.1.4. Injection of air bubbles or high molecular weight polymers into the turbulent boundary layer

5.1.1.5. Incorporating submerged air-filled recesses under the hull

5.1.1.6. Shark-skin inspired riblet surfaces

5.1.1.7. Omniphobic Coatings for Defence Applications

5.1.1.8. Underwater Robotic Foul Cleaning

5.2. Marine Corrosion

5.3. Physical Abrasion

5.4. Structural Distortions due to sea loads

6. Increased fuel consumption