1. Question
1.1. yes/no question --> asked + if/ whether
1.1.1. e.g: He asked me whether I was British or American.
1.2. word order
1.2.1. e.g: "Where does Peter live?" --> She asked him where Peter lived.
1.3. 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause
1.3.1. e.g: "What is your name?" he asked me. --> He asked me what my name was.
2. No backshift
2.1. When the reporting verbs are in the present or future forms.
2.1.1. He says: "I have just finished my work." --> He says (that) he has just finished his work.
2.2. When reporting verbs are in past tenses
2.2.1. Reporting the general truth or fact.
2.2.1.1. The boy said: "Mother's mother is grandmother." -->The boy said mother's mother is grandmother.
2.2.2. When there are the combinations between: past simple and past continuous; past simple and past perfect; past simple with stated point of time.
2.2.2.1. He said: "I was doing my homework when my mother came in." --> He said (that) he was doing his homework when his mother came in.
2.2.3. When there are some types of verb: used to, should, would, could, might, ought to, had better, would rather
2.2.3.1. Peter said: "We used to go fishing in the afternoon.“ -->Peter said (that) they used to go fishing in the afternoon.
2.2.4. When there are “wish” and “if only”
2.2.4.1. He said: "I wish I were taller." --> He said (that) he wished he were taller.
2.2.5. When reporting if conditional ( type 2 and 3)
2.2.5.1. He said: "If I were you, I would apologize to Linda." --> He said (that) if he were me, he would apologize to Linda
3. Special verbs + V_ing
3.1. deny, suggest, apologize (to sb) for, admit, complain about, insist on, recommend, accuse sb of, boast about/of,
4. Special verbs + to infinitive
4.1. promise, claim, agree, refuse, threaten, offer, demand
5. Special verbs + someone to do
5.1. ask, allow, advise, beg, remind, command, encourage, forbid, invite, instruct, order, permit, persuade/convince, tell, warn
6. Tense changes
6.1. Present simple
6.1.1. Past simple
6.2. Present continuous
6.2.1. Past continuous
6.3. Present perfect
6.3.1. Past perfect
6.4. Present perfect continuous
6.4.1. Past perfect continuous
6.5. Past simple
6.5.1. Past perfect
6.6. Past continuous
6.6.1. Past perfect continuous
6.7. Past perfect
6.7.1. Past perfect
6.8. Past perfect continuous
6.8.1. Past perfect continuous
6.9. will --> would
6.10. be going to --> was/ were going to
6.11. can --> could
6.12. may --> might
6.13. must --> had to
7. Changes in Time and Place expressions:
7.1. today --> that day
7.2. yesterday --> the previous day/ the day before
7.3. tomorrow --> the following day/ the day after/ the next day
7.4. last week/ last year --> the week/year before/ the previous week/year
7.5. next week/ next year --> the week/year after/ the following week/year/ the next week/ year
7.6. this --> there
7.7. these --> those
7.8. here --> there
8. Statement
8.1. Positive
8.1.1. I can speak perfect English She said (that) she could speak perfect English.
8.2. Negative
8.2.1. request: "not"
8.2.1.1. Please don't be late. --> She asked us not to be late.
8.2.2. I haven't seen Julie. --> She said (that) she hadn't seen Julie