CHAPTER 3: POLICY ACTORS AND POLICY INSTITUATION IN MALAYSIA

1. Introduction: This actors and institution exists at the branches of government and levels of government.

2. Definition of Policy Institution & Policy Actors: - Formal organization with formal rules. -PolicyActors is institution who will determine the extent to which actors can transform their preferences into public policy

3. Political Executive: In Malaysia, the principle of collective responsibility reflecting the strength of the cabinet members.

4. The Legislature: The parliament of Malaysia is the main institution for legislature at the level. As a bicameral system, Malaysia's Parliament consists of two houses: Dewan Rakyat & Dewan Negara

5. The Government Agencies : - The government agencies

6. The Government Agencies : - The government agencies /bereaucracy responsible in implementing policy. - In certain cases, bureaucrat as certain level of autonomy in influencing the political executive during the process of policy making.

7. Nongovernmental Participants : The official policy-makers are joined by many other participants in the policy process.

8. Political Parties : Political parties are organizations interested primarily in contesting elections in order to control the personnel of government.

9. Civil Society...Interest/Pressure Group : Both the terms 'interest groups' and 'pressure groups' are interchangeably used in political science.

10. The role/contribution of Interest/Pressure Groups: This groups is a mechanism for political representation. The people's interests are well presented in a political system in an organized way.

11. Method to influence public policy: 1) The direct methods 2) The indirect methods are interlocking membership which are reflected in four different ways.