1. Instruments/materials for filling Root canals
1.1. Absorbent paper points
1.1.1. Functions
1.1.1.1. absorb any moisture in the canal
1.1.1.2. carry medicaments into the canal
1.2. Root canal sealers Sealers
1.2.1. Old
1.2.1.1. ZOE (Gold standard)
1.2.1.2. Solvent-Based Endodontic Sealers
1.2.1.2.1. Not use anymore these days
1.2.2. New
1.2.2.1. GIC
1.2.2.2. Resin Based Sealers
1.2.2.3. Silicone Based Sealers
1.2.2.4. Urethane Methacrylate Based Sealers
1.2.3. New Revolution
1.2.3.1. Calcium Silicate Based Sealers
1.3. Lentulo spiral filler/rotary paste filler
1.3.1. Function and features
1.3.1.1. Small flexible instrument used to place materials into the canal
1.3.1.2. Fits into the conventional handpiece
1.3.1.3. Use with caution as it can be easily broken
1.3.1.4. Different sizes available
1.4. Finger spreader
1.4.1. Function, features
1.4.1.1. Used to condense gutta percha into the canal during obturation
1.4.1.2. Finger instrument with smooth, pointed, tapered working end
1.5. Gutta-percha points
1.5.1. Function and features
1.5.1.1. Non-soluble
1.5.1.2. non-irritant
1.5.1.3. condensed into the pulp chamber during obturation
1.5.1.4. Types
1.5.1.4.1. Standardized type
1.5.1.4.2. Non-standardized
1.6. Endodontic plugger
1.6.1. long flat end (butt end)
1.6.2. used in vertical condensation of gutta-percha into the orifice of root canal system.
1.6.3. Function
1.6.3.1. Working end is flat to facilitate plugging
1.6.3.2. condensing the gutta-percha after the excess has been removed
1.7. Electrically heated carriers
1.7.1. fitted with spreaders or pluggers have been developed for warm gutta-percha filling techniques
1.7.2. Touch ‘n Heat
1.7.2.1. System B Heat
1.7.3. tips heated rapidly and internally
1.8. Thermoplasticized injectable gutta-percha
1.8.1. Obtura
1.8.1.1. high temperature system capable of taking the temperature of gutta-percha in the heating chamber to 200°C.
1.8.1.2. consists of a delivery unit with an electrical cord connected to a temperature control box
1.9. Gutta-percha carrier devices
1.9.1. Thermafil system
1.9.2. The Thermafil obturators have a 0.04 taper, V-shaped cross- section plastic core, which is coated with alpha-phase gutta- percha that has excellent flow properties
1.10. Root canal filling materials
1.10.1. Resilon
1.10.1.1. new thermoplastic synthetic polymer-based root filling material to replace gutta-percha
1.10.1.2. Self etch primer
1.10.1.3. Thermoplastic synthetic polymers
1.10.1.4. Dual curable dental resin composite sealer
2. Paraformaldehyde-containing endodontic materials
2.1. Not recommend materials:
2.1.1. N2
2.1.1.1. RC2B
2.1.1.1.1. SPAD and Endomethasone
2.2. contraindicated because it contains paraformaldehyde which causes:
2.2.1. necrotize nerve ending.
2.2.2. human carcinogen
2.2.3. severe toxicity to host tissues
3. determine Working length
3.1. Radiographic method
3.1.1. conventional
3.1.2. digital radiograph
3.1.3. With an X-ray film
3.2. Apex locator
3.2.1. Functions
3.2.1.1. electronic instrument used to determine the distance to the apical foramen
3.2.2. Varieties
3.2.2.1. Different manufacturers provide different varieties
3.2.2.2. Available with a pulp tester incorporated in the machine
3.3. Measuring devises
3.3.1. measuring file lengths range from a simple metal ruler
3.3.2. Silicone stops, as markers, are usually already placed on hand instruments by most manufacturers.
3.4. Instrument stopper
3.4.1. should pierced through the center
3.4.2. it should be perpendicular to the long axis of the reamer
3.4.3. its used to mark the length of the root canal on the reamer or the file.
4. Irrigant delivery devices
4.1. Endodontic syringe
4.1.1. to carry the irrigating solution to the root canal
4.1.2. its tip should be flat not pointed
4.1.2.1. to prevent penetration into small and tiny canals.
4.1.3. Endodontic needle types
4.1.3.1. Beveled needle
4.1.3.2. Monoject endodontic needle
4.1.3.3. ProRinse probes
4.1.3.3.1. has closed-end and side vent
4.1.3.3.2. eliminates possibilities of puncture of the apical foramen
4.1.3.3.3. Expression of fluid through the lumen creates turbulence
4.2. Ultrasonic devices
4.2.1. to irrigate root canals can be very effective
4.2.2. the irrigant cleans by acoustic microstreaming
4.3. EndoVac System
4.3.1. Application of Microcannule in the Canal
4.3.2. Advantages
4.3.2.1. Safety
4.3.2.2. Efficacy
4.3.2.3. Success
5. Storage and sterilization of Endodontic instruments
5.1. Endodontic ring, block, rulers
5.1.1. used to organise and hold endodontic finger and rotary instruments during procedures
5.1.2. allows easy and accurate measurement of the length of finger instruments
5.1.3. Reduces the possibility of percutaneous injuries
5.2. Endodontic instrument organizer/kit
5.2.1. arrange the intra-canal instrument according to :
5.2.1.1. Size
5.2.1.2. Length
6. Root canal Repair filling materials
6.1. Calcium hydroxide
6.1.1. Exposure to tissue fluid may possibly lead to dissolution of the material as calcium hydroxide is (((leached out))))
6.1.2. sealed in place for 2 weeks
6.1.2.1. should effectively disinfect the canal but not damage the dentine .
6.2. Mineral trioxide aggregate
6.2.1. take the place of calcium hydroxide
6.2.2. treatment of a variety of pulpal and periodontal healing complications following dental trauma.
6.3. iRoot BP (new)
6.3.1. Repair of Root Perforation
6.3.2. Repair of Root Resorption
6.3.3. Root End Filling
6.3.4. Apexification
6.3.5. Pulp Capping
6.4. EndoSequence Root Repair Material (New)
6.4.1. have no shrinkage
6.4.2. bond to adjacent dentine
6.4.3. highly biocompatible
6.4.4. hydrophilic
6.4.5. radiopaque
6.4.6. antibacterial due to a high pH
6.5. Bio-Dentine(new)
6.5.1. new biologically active cement
6.5.2. has dentine like mechanical properties
6.5.3. used as a dentine replacement
6.5.4. treat damage dentine both for restorative (pulp capping) and endodontic indications (perforation & open apex root canal repair material).
6.6. BioAggregate(new)
6.6.1. Root Canal Repair Filling
6.6.2. fine white hydraulic powder cement Mixture for dental applications.
6.6.3. utilizes the advanced science of nano‐technology