1. Plant tissue
1.1. Meristamatic:dividing tissue
1.1.1. apical
1.1.1.1. present in growing tips of stems and roots
1.1.1.2. increases length of stem
1.1.2. lateral
1.1.2.1. girth of the stem or root increases
1.1.2.2. present in lateral side
1.1.3. intercalary
1.1.3.1. located near node
1.1.3.2. seen in some
1.2. Permanent:meristamatic that lose the ability to divide(differentation)
1.2.1. simple:one type of cell
1.2.1.1. beneath epidermis
1.2.1.2. common : parenchyma
1.2.1.2.1. unspecialized cell with thin walls
1.2.1.2.2. living cell
1.2.1.2.3. generally stores food
1.2.1.2.4. somtimes contains chlorophyll(chlorenchyma)
1.2.1.2.5. in aquatic,large air cavities to float (aerenchyma)
1.2.1.3. flexibility:collenchyma
1.2.1.3.1. bending of tendrils stems of climbers and gives mechanical support
1.2.1.3.2. present in leaf stalks below epidermis
1.2.1.3.3. living cell
1.2.1.3.4. elongated irregularly thickned at the corners
1.2.1.3.5. very little intercellular space
1.2.1.4. hardness:sclerenchyma
1.2.1.4.1. makes plant hard and stiff
1.2.1.4.2. coconut husk
1.2.1.4.3. dead cell
1.2.1.4.4. long and narrow as the walls are thichened due to lignin
1.2.1.4.5. no internal space
1.2.1.4.6. present in stems,around vascualr budles,veins of leaves and hard coverings of seeds and nuts
1.2.1.4.7. provides strength to plant tissues
1.2.2. complex:many types of cells
1.2.2.1. vascular tissue is distinctive feature
1.2.2.2. all these cells cordinates to perform one common function
1.2.2.2.1. Xylem
1.2.2.2.2. pholem:transport food to other parts
2. Animal tissuue
2.1. epithelial tissue
2.1.1. covering or protective tissue
2.1.1.1. seperted by underlying called extracellular fibrous basement memebrane
2.1.2. barrier to keep diffrent bodies seprate
2.1.2.1. skin
2.1.2.2. lining of the mouth
2.1.2.3. lining of blood vessels
2.1.2.4. lung alveoli
2.1.2.5. kidney tubules
2.1.3. tightly packed and forms continous sheets
2.1.3.1. small amount of cementing material between them
2.1.3.2. no intercellular spaces
2.1.4. permeability:regulating the exchange of materials between the body and the external environment and diffrent parts of the body
2.1.5. Types of epethelia
2.1.5.1. In cells lining blood vessels and lung alveoli,where tranportation of substances occures through a selcetively permeable surface,there is a simple flat kind of epithelium:simple squamous(scale of skin) epithelium
2.1.5.1.1. extremly thin and flat
2.1.5.1.2. delicate lining
2.1.5.1.3. eg:oesophagous and lining of mouth
2.1.5.2. Skin is arranged in many layers to prevent wear and tear thus called,stratified squamous epithelium
2.1.5.3. Where absorption and secretion occur in the inner lining of the intestine,tall epithelium is present:ciliated columnar epitheliam
2.1.5.3.1. facilitates movement across the epithelial barrier
2.1.5.3.2. in respiratory it has cilia which are hair like projection (can move and movemnt pushes mucus out to clear it)
2.1.5.4. the lining of the kidney tubules and ducts of salaivary glands,where it provides mechanical support:cuboidal epithelium
2.1.6. Often acquire additional specialisation as gland cells which can secrete substances at the epithelial surface,somtimes a potion folds inward and a multicellular gland is formed (glandular epithelium)
2.2. connective tissue
2.2.1. loosely packed and embedded in an intercellular matrix(jelly,fluid,dense,rigid)
2.2.1.1. blood
2.2.1.1.1. fuild matrix=plasma(RBC,WBC,platelets,proteins,salt and hormones)
2.2.1.1.2. blood flows and transports gases,digested food,hormones and waste material
2.2.1.2. bone
2.2.1.2.1. forms frame work that supports the body
2.2.1.2.2. anchors the muscles and supports the main organs of the body
2.2.1.2.3. strong and non flexiable tissue
2.2.1.2.4. embedded in hard matrix that is composed of calcium,phosphorous compunds
2.2.1.3. liagament
2.2.1.3.1. two bones connected to each other
2.2.1.3.2. elastic
2.2.1.3.3. considerable strangth
2.2.1.3.4. very little matrix
2.2.1.4. tendons
2.2.1.4.1. muscles to bones
2.2.1.4.2. fibrous tissue
2.2.1.4.3. great strength but limited flexibility
2.2.1.5. cartilage
2.2.1.5.1. wide spaced cells
2.2.1.5.2. solid matrix with proteins and sugars
2.2.1.5.3. soothens bone surfaces at joints
2.2.1.5.4. present in nose,ear,trachea and larynx
2.2.1.6. aerolar
2.2.1.6.1. between skin and muscles around blood vessels and in bone marrow
2.2.1.6.2. fills space inside the organs,supports internal oragans and helps in repain of tissues
2.3. muscular tissue/muscle fibre
2.3.1. elogated cells
2.3.2. responsible for movement
2.3.3. contains contractile proteins which contact and relax to cause movemnt
2.3.4. voluntary/skelatal/straited muscles
2.3.4.1. we decide when to stop it or start it(voluntary)
2.3.4.2. attached in bones and help in body movement(skelatal)
2.3.4.3. under microscope it shows alternate light and dark bands or striations when strained appropriately(straited)
2.3.4.4. long,cylindrical,unbrached and mutinucleate
2.3.5. Smooth/involuntary muscles
2.3.5.1. we cannot really start them or stop them(involuntary)
2.3.5.2. found in iris,ureters and in bronchi of lungs
2.3.5.3. long with pointed ends(spindle)and uninucleate(unstraited)
2.3.6. Cardiac muscles
2.3.6.1. rhythmic contraction and realxation throughout life
2.3.6.2. heart muscles are cylindrical,branched and uninucleate
2.4. nervous tissue
2.4.1. specialised for being stimulated and then transmiting the stimulus rapidly
2.4.2. brain ,spinal cord and nerves are composed of this
2.4.3. the cells are called neurons or nerve cells
2.4.4. Diagram
2.4.4.1. cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm,from which long-thin hair like parts arise
2.4.4.2. axon: a single long part
2.4.4.3. dendrites:many short branched parts
2.4.5. a meter long
2.4.6. many nerve fibres bound together by connective tissue make up a nerve
2.4.7. nerve impiulse:signal that passes along nerve fibre
2.4.7.1. helps to move when we want to