1. Comparing Genomes
1.1. Comparing Distantly Related Species
1.1.1. The Tree Of Life
1.1.1.1. Bacteria
1.1.1.2. Eukarya
1.1.1.3. Archaea
1.1.2. Eukarya
1.1.2.1. Human
1.1.2.2. Chimpanze
1.1.2.3. Mouse
1.2. Comparing Closely Related Species
1.2.1. Bonobo
1.2.1.1. Bonobos and chimpanzees are humans closest relatives.
1.2.2. FOXP2
1.2.2.1. this gene was not unique to humans.
1.2.2.2. crucial in the evolution of human speech due to its rapid evolution in the human lineage
1.2.2.3. it plays a role in vocalization across vertebrates.
1.2.2.4. scientists can gain valuable insights into human genetics and health.
1.2.3. Model Species
1.2.3.1. Fruit Flies
1.2.3.1.1. Parkinson’s disease and alcoholism
1.2.3.2. Mice
1.2.3.2.1. studying human genetic disorders
1.2.3.3. Nematodes
1.2.3.3.1. aging
1.3. Comparing Genomes Within a Species
1.3.1. SNP
1.3.1.1. found in at least 1% of the population
1.3.1.2. detected by DNA sequencing
1.3.1.3. occur on average about once in 100–300 base pairs
1.3.1.4. several million SNP sites in the human genome
1.3.2. CNV
1.3.2.1. result from regions of the genome being duplicated or deleted inconsistently
1.3.2.2. more likely to have phenotypic consequences and to play a role in complex diseases and disorders
2. The three domains share a common ancestor estimated to have lived around 3-4 billion years ago.
3. humans and chimpanzees share a more recent common ancestor with each other than either does with mice.
4. Widespread Conservation of Developmental Genes Among Animals
4.1. Homeobox and Hox genes
4.1.1. Master regulatory genes that control body segment identity
4.1.2. Hox Genes
4.1.2.1. Subset of homeotic genes in animals, highly conserved
4.1.3. Homeobox
4.1.3.1. Specific DNA sequence within homeotic genes, encodes homeodomain
4.1.4. Homeodomain
4.1.4.1. Protein region that binds DNA, crucial for gene regulation
4.2. Conservation of Developmental Genes
4.2.1. Homeobox genes found in diverse organisms
4.2.1.1. animals
4.2.1.2. plants
4.2.1.3. yeasts
4.3. Evolution of Body Forms
4.3.1. Minor genetic differences can lead to major morphological changes
4.3.2. Changes in gene regulation play a key role
4.3.3. Different Hox gene expression patterns create variation in leg-bearing segments in insects and crustaceans
4.3.4. Diverse body shapes can result from similar genes directing different processes