1. Politics of Education
1.1. Progressive
1.1.1. Solving social problems
1.1.2. upward mobility
1.1.3. individual potential
1.1.4. Schools are a steady progress to make things better
1.2. The role of the school
1.2.1. Equal opportunity
1.2.2. Respect cultural diversity
1.2.3. Enable students to develop talents, creativity, and sense of self.
1.2.4. Stress individual and social needs
1.3. Unequal Education Performance
1.3.1. Students will rise and fall (Conservative)
1.3.2. Students begin with different experiences
1.3.3. Programs to help equalize opportunity
1.4. Definition of Educational Problems
1.4.1. Decline of values or of civilization (Conservative)
1.4.2. High emphasis on discipline and authority
1.4.3. Underachievement of poor and minority children/decline of standards (Conservative)
1.4.3.1. (Opinion)It's not fair to anyone to lower standards to help someone falling or starting behind. The students that meet or exceed standards will not have to try as hard and as a result will suffer. Students that can not keep up with standards should be receiving help from their teacher to be able to keep up with standards.
1.4.4. Differences in urban and suburban schools
1.4.5. Traditional curriculum leaves out different cultures/fails to include problems of American society (Radical)
1.5. Policy and Reform
1.5.1. Policies should lead to improvement of failing schools
1.5.2. Teacher empowerment and school-based management
1.5.3. Balanced curriculum
1.5.4. Allow for parents, teachers, and students to have a greater voice in decision making
1.5.5. Balance maintained between acceptable performance standards and ensuring all students can meet them
1.6. Liberal
1.6.1. Policies to protect
1.6.1.1. Things like Social Security, and policies to prevent recession. While I think policies are good to have to protect, many of the educational reform policies like No Child Left Behind, I don't agree with.
1.6.1.2. Franklin D. Roosevelt: New Deal Era http://www.history.com/topics/new-deal
1.6.2. Groups rather than individuals
1.6.3. I agree most with liberal perspectives in education. I found that I couldn't say I felt I fit the neo-liberal category because; I don't agree with free market policy for schools, school is public and should not be privatized thus needing public spending or taxes, many factors contribute to why students fail like economic standing and interest in the curriculum, and there needs to be a movement away from standardized testing.
1.6.4. Concerned with balancing capitalism with social and economic needs
1.6.4.1. John Maynard Keynes
2. Equality of Oppurtunity
3. Educational Inequality
4. Educational Reform
5. History of U.S Education
5.1. utilitarianism
5.1.1. Benjamin Franklin
5.1.2. secular rather than religious
5.1.3. Reading, writing, public speaking, art, accounting, biology, history, geography, politics, and a language of their choice.
5.1.4. 2nd half of the 19th century
5.2. Common School
5.2.1. Horace Mann
5.2.2. Free, publicly funded elementary school
5.2.3. stability
5.2.4. order
5.2.5. social mobility
5.3. Social engineering reform
5.3.1. Edward L. Thorndike
5.3.2. meaningful experience for students and prepare them to earn a living
5.3.3. Educate students on abilities or talents
5.3.3.1. I view this statement as: If a child excels in math they should be in a high level math or if a student enjoys science give him more science projects.
5.3.4. Secondary education
6. Sociological Perspectives
6.1. Interactional Theories
6.1.1. Other theories are abstract and focus on the big picture vs. small picture of everyday classroom problems.
6.1.2. Why are students labeled gifted or learning disabled?
6.1.2.1. Is it about how they learn? How they interact with others? What social class they are in? What achievements are made? How the teacher interacts with students?
6.1.3. microsociological- interactional aspects of school life
6.1.4. Basil Bernstein
6.1.4.1. How speech patterns reflect student social class and how students from work-class families are disadvantaged in schools because they are constructed for middle-class children
6.1.4.1.1. This is a study of the macrosciological theory, conflict theory/class analysis, and the microsciological, interactional theory, melding together to form real links between educational processes and outcomes.
6.2. Effects of schooling on the individual
6.2.1. Knowledge and attitudes
6.2.1.1. Ron Edmonds
6.2.1.1.1. Studied how education differs between schools.
6.2.1.2. Higher social class, better education
6.2.1.2.1. compares public and private school. Found indication that when students are compelled to academic subjects with high discipline achievement is higher.
6.2.1.3. Higher/more education is related to higher self-esteem
6.2.1.4. More years of schooling leads to greater knowledge and social participation
6.2.2. Education and Mobility
6.2.2.1. Working class boys in school reject the attainment through education ethos because they believe they lack the social mobility while most americans believe education leads to social mobility.
6.2.2.2. The middled class is the most likely class to increase occupational mobility through education
6.2.2.3. Tournament selection
6.2.2.3.1. winners move on and losers are dropped. Criteria can be social class, race, gender, merit.
7. Philosophy of Education
7.1. Pragmatism
7.1.1. find processes that work to achieve a desired end.
7.1.2. Generic Notions
7.1.2.1. Better society through education
7.1.2.2. learn for both experience and from books
7.1.2.3. Start with the needs and interest of the individual
7.1.2.4. Schools should reflect the community as to enable students to assume social roles
7.1.2.4.1. I feel this means prepare students for jobs
7.1.3. Key researchers
7.1.3.1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
7.1.3.2. John Dewey
7.1.4. Goals of Education
7.1.4.1. ideas can be implemented, challenged, and restructured
7.1.4.2. Prepare for a democratic society
7.1.4.3. Social progress and imporvement
7.1.4.4. Balance the needs of society and the individual
7.1.4.5. integrate children to a democratic society
7.1.5. Role of the teacher
7.1.5.1. All knowledge does not spew
7.1.5.2. facilitator of knowledge
7.1.5.2.1. Suggests, questions, and guides
7.1.6. Method of instruction
7.1.6.1. Children learn individually and in groups
7.1.6.2. question what they know
7.1.7. Curriculum
7.1.7.1. math, science, history, reading, writing, music, art, wood working, metal working, cooking, and sewing.
7.1.7.2. changes as to social orders
7.1.7.2.1. When a problem is found, it is corrected. Like that a history book fails to acknowledge certain facts, to talk about the facts that are left out.
8. Schools as Organization
8.1. Governance
8.1.1. Determined by the state
8.1.2. taxpayers in local areas pay for schools
8.1.2.1. Taxpayers will get a say in there local education system because of how the system is structured.
8.2. Centralization
8.2.1. 55 million students are enrolled in k-12
8.2.2. negate impact on diversity in schools
8.3. Student composition / openness
8.3.1. Schools are becoming more diverse
8.3.1.1. student diversity can be separated by gender, class, ethnicity, and ability.
8.3.1.1.1. Defeats the purpose of diversity
8.3.1.1.2. Things like why more women don't pursue technical jobs
8.3.2. more opportunity to advance
8.3.3. common school?
8.3.3.1. If so much can be different between one students education and another's is the concept of common school still correct?
8.4. Private school
8.4.1. most affiliated with religion
8.4.2. litte regulation by the state
8.4.2.1. separation of church and state
8.5. Other countries
8.5.1. rigorous academic right of passage to separate the academically talented from the less gifted
8.5.2. The values of cultures become institutionalized in an education system
8.6. willard Waller 1965, pp. 146 "The school is a unity of interacting personalities. The personalities of all who meet in the school are bound together in an organic relation. The life of the whole is inits parts, yet the whole could not exist without any of its parts, The school is a social organization.
9. Curriculum and Pedagogy
9.1. Politics of curriculum
9.1.1. Pluralist model
9.1.1.1. the political system of the US is not controlled by any one group but rather many groups trying to exercise influence and control.
9.2. social efficiency
9.2.1. different groups of students, should receive different schooling
9.2.2. flexible
9.2.3. relationship between schooling and activities of adults in society