1. Interactions amongst species
2. Succession
2.1. Stages
2.1.1. Pioneer
2.1.1.1. Traits
2.1.1.1.1. High fecundity
2.1.1.1.2. High dispersal potential
2.1.1.1.3. Rapid population growth
2.1.1.1.4. Low competitive ability
2.1.1.2. Function in environment
2.1.1.2.1. Alter/stabilize soil
2.1.1.2.2. Shade soil
2.1.1.2.3. Add nutrients to the soil
2.1.1.2.4. Self defeating for pioneers
2.1.2. Climax
2.1.2.1. Traits
2.1.2.1.1. higher competitive ability
2.1.2.1.2. longer lived
2.1.2.1.3. more efficient growth
2.1.2.1.4. higher productivity (system wide)
2.2. Models
2.2.1. Facilitation
2.2.1.1. Predictable sequence, earlier colonists jape way for later species
2.2.2. Inhibition
2.2.2.1. Initial colonists suppress arrival of later species
2.2.3. Tolerance
2.2.3.1. lottery model
2.3. Types
2.3.1. Primary
2.3.2. Secondary
2.3.2.1. Disturbance
2.3.2.1.1. frequency
2.3.2.1.2. intensity
2.4. Examples
2.4.1. Sand dunes
2.4.2. Glaciers
2.4.3. Old fields