1. Trends in Food Production
1.1. Increase the intensity of production
1.2. Production of genetically-modified (GM) food
2. Factors for intensifying food production
2.1. 1) Technological advances - Green Revolution
2.1.1. High-yielding varieties (HYVs)
2.1.1.1. E.g. Wonder Rice IR8, IR36
2.1.2. Fertilisers & pesticides
2.1.3. Improved irrigation
2.1.4. Mechanisation
2.2. 2) Economic
2.2.1. Purpose of farming: Subsistence vs commercial
2.2.2. Demand & capital
2.2.3. Agribusiness
2.3. 3) Physical
2.3.1. Climate
2.3.1.1. Temperature
2.3.1.2. Rainfall
2.3.2. Soils & drainage
2.3.2.1. Clayey soil
2.3.2.2. Sandy soil
2.3.3. Relief
2.3.3.1. Slope
2.3.3.2. Altitude
2.4. 4) Political
2.4.1. Government policy
2.4.1.1. Agricultural policy
2.4.1.2. Food policy
2.4.2. ASEAN
2.4.2.1. ASEAN +3 Emergency Rice Reserve Agreement (China, Japan & South Korea)
3. Problems of intensive food production
3.1. Effects of Excessive Irrigation
3.1.1. Waterlogging
3.1.2. Salinisation
3.2. Effects of Excessive Chemical Usage
3.2.1. Eutrophication
4. Reasons for food shortage
4.1. Social
4.1.1. Lack of accessibility
4.1.2. Inadequate logistics of food distribution & shortage
4.1.3. Rapid population growth
4.2. Economic
4.2.1. Rising demand for meat & dairy products from emerging economies (LDCs & BRICS)
4.2.2. Soaring cost of fertilisers & transport
4.2.3. Conversion of farmland to industrial crop production
4.3. Physical
4.3.1. Climate change
4.3.2. Extreme weather events
4.3.3. Pests
4.4. Politcal
4.4.1. Civil strife
4.4.2. Poor governance