Buying & Selling Softwood Lumber and Panels

1. North American Softwood Lumber and Panels

1.1. Overview

1.1.1. Softwood

1.1.1.1. Wood from Conifers

1.1.1.1.1. Evergreens

1.1.1.1.2. Gymnosperms

1.1.1.1.3. Common Species

1.1.2. Lumber

1.1.2.1. Sawn on all 4 sides

1.1.2.2. cut to some length

1.1.3. Board Foot (bf)

1.1.3.1. Standard Unit in NA

1.1.3.2. A board 1" thick x 12" wide x 12" long

1.1.3.3. BF = Thickness (in) x Width (in) x Length (ft) / 12

1.1.4. Thousand Board Feet (mbf)

1.1.4.1. Standard Wholesale Unit

1.1.4.2. MBF = 1000 BF

1.1.5. Nominal vs Actual Sizes

1.1.5.1. Nominal

1.1.5.1.1. Name or what its called

1.1.5.2. Actual

1.1.5.2.1. Actual dimensions

1.1.6. Structural Panels

1.1.6.1. Use case

1.1.6.1.1. width

1.1.6.1.2. wood-type properties

1.1.6.2. Manufactured to rigid specs

1.1.6.2.1. meet building codes

1.1.6.2.2. construction applications

1.1.6.3. Applications

1.1.6.3.1. Wall Sheathing

1.1.6.3.2. Roof Sheathing

1.1.6.3.3. Floor Sheathing

1.1.6.3.4. Siding

1.1.6.3.5. concrete forming

1.1.6.3.6. industrial crating

1.1.6.4. Common Types

1.1.6.4.1. Plywood

1.1.6.4.2. OSB

1.1.7. Square Foot (sf)

1.1.7.1. Standard Unit for Panels

1.1.7.2. square 12" wide x 12" long

1.1.7.3. thickness independent

1.1.8. Thousand Square Feet (msf)

1.1.8.1. Standard wholesale unit

1.1.8.2. MSF = 1000 SF

1.1.9. Trading

1.1.9.1. Buyers

1.1.9.2. Sellers

1.1.10. North America

1.1.10.1. Canada

1.1.10.2. United States

1.1.11. The Market

1.1.11.1. current levels

1.2. The Lumber & Panel Marketplace

1.2.1. Overview

1.2.1.1. Massive Market

1.2.1.1.1. Volume

1.2.1.1.2. Employment

1.2.1.2. Diversity

1.2.1.2.1. manufacturers

1.2.1.2.2. regions

1.2.1.2.3. species

1.2.1.3. "free market"

1.2.1.3.1. based 100% off supply & demand

1.2.1.3.2. each sale is unique

1.2.1.3.3. based off negotiated terms

1.2.1.4. Volatile

1.2.1.4.1. market index based on current price

1.2.1.4.2. supply & demand

1.2.2. Market Sectors

1.2.2.1. Overview

1.2.2.1.1. very little lumber & panels used in NA are purchased directly from mill to end user

1.2.2.1.2. products work way through chain

1.2.2.1.3. each link in chain performs specific task

1.2.2.2. NA Softwood Distribution Chain

1.2.2.2.1. Mill Sales Office

1.2.2.2.2. Remanufacturing Plants

1.2.2.2.3. National / Regional Office Wholesale Companies

1.2.2.2.4. National/Regional Manufacturing Companies

1.2.2.2.5. Co-Ops and Buying Groups

1.2.2.2.6. Regional Reload Centers

1.2.2.2.7. Large Metropolitan Wholesale Distribution Yards

1.2.2.2.8. Local Lumber Yards & Big Box Stores

1.2.2.2.9. Local Manufacturers, Building Contractors, DIY's

1.3. Lumber Producing Regions

1.3.1. Overview

1.3.1.1. softwoods grow everywhere in NA

1.3.1.2. species are region specific

1.3.1.3. not all species are commercially viable

1.3.1.4. 6 unique regions

1.3.2. The West Coast Region

1.3.2.1. area

1.3.2.1.1. western OR

1.3.2.1.2. western WA

1.3.2.1.3. west of cascade mountains

1.3.2.1.4. ~100 miles from coast

1.3.2.1.5. some of coastal CA

1.3.2.2. species

1.3.2.2.1. Douglas Fir

1.3.2.2.2. Western Red Cedar

1.3.2.2.3. Western Hemlock

1.3.2.2.4. Sitka Spruce

1.3.2.2.5. Redwood

1.3.3. The Inland Region

1.3.3.1. area

1.3.3.1.1. crest of cascade mountains to rockies

1.3.3.1.2. Eastern OR

1.3.3.1.3. Eastern Washington

1.3.3.1.4. ID

1.3.3.1.5. NV

1.3.3.1.6. MT

1.3.3.1.7. Black hills of SD

1.3.3.1.8. Rocky & Inland NC

1.3.3.1.9. rocky mtn of UT

1.3.3.1.10. Rocky MT CO

1.3.3.1.11. Rocky MT AZ

1.3.3.1.12. Rocky MT NM

1.3.3.1.13. inland CA

1.3.3.2. species

1.3.3.2.1. Pine

1.3.3.2.2. Spruce

1.3.3.2.3. True Fir

1.3.3.2.4. Douglas Fir

1.3.3.2.5. Western Larch

1.3.3.2.6. western red cedar

1.3.4. The South

1.3.4.1. area

1.3.4.1.1. westside

1.3.4.1.2. central

1.3.4.1.3. eastside

1.3.4.2. species

1.3.4.2.1. Southern Pine

1.3.4.2.2. Eastern white pine

1.3.5. The Midwest and Northeast Region

1.3.5.1. area

1.3.5.1.1. MN

1.3.5.1.2. WI

1.3.5.1.3. MI

1.3.5.1.4. VT

1.3.5.1.5. NH

1.3.5.1.6. ME

1.3.5.2. species

1.3.5.2.1. Spruce

1.3.5.2.2. Pine

1.3.5.2.3. True Fir

1.3.5.2.4. Hemlock

1.3.5.2.5. Tamarack

1.3.6. The Western Canadian Region

1.3.6.1. area

1.3.6.1.1. BC

1.3.6.1.2. AL

1.3.6.2. species

1.3.6.2.1. western red cedar

1.3.6.2.2. western hemlock

1.3.6.2.3. douglas fir

1.3.6.2.4. spruce

1.3.6.2.5. pine

1.3.6.2.6. true fir

1.3.7. The Eastern Canadian Region

1.3.7.1. area

1.3.7.1.1. east of AL

1.3.7.1.2. ON

1.3.7.1.3. QE

1.3.7.1.4. Maritimes

1.3.7.2. species

1.3.7.2.1. spruce

1.3.7.2.2. pine

1.3.7.2.3. true fir

1.3.8. Offshore

1.3.8.1. less than 5% of NA supply imported

1.3.8.2. Europe

1.3.8.3. Chile

1.3.8.4. New Zealand

1.3.8.5. Brazil

1.3.8.6. South East Asia

1.4. Structural Panel Producing Regions

1.4.1. Overview

1.4.1.1. same general region as lumber

1.4.1.2. different regions

1.4.2. Plywood Producing Regions

1.4.2.1. Overview

1.4.2.1.1. the west

1.4.2.1.2. the south

1.4.2.1.3. western Canada

1.4.2.2. The Western Plywood Region

1.4.2.2.1. area

1.4.2.2.2. species

1.4.2.3. The Southern Yellow Pine Plywood Region

1.4.2.3.1. area

1.4.2.3.2. species

1.4.2.4. The Canadian Softwood Plywood Region

1.4.2.4.1. area

1.4.2.4.2. species

1.4.3. OSB Producing Regions

1.4.3.1. Overview

1.4.3.1.1. utilize smaller, low value logs

1.4.3.1.2. variety of species

1.4.3.2. The North Central Region

1.4.3.2.1. WI

1.4.3.2.2. MI

1.4.3.2.3. MN

1.4.3.3. The Mid-Atlantic Region

1.4.3.3.1. VA

1.4.3.3.2. WV

1.4.3.3.3. NC

1.4.3.4. The Southeast Region

1.4.3.4.1. FL

1.4.3.4.2. GA

1.4.3.4.3. AL

1.4.3.4.4. MS

1.4.3.4.5. TN

1.4.3.4.6. SC

1.4.3.5. The Southwest Region

1.4.3.5.1. OK

1.4.3.5.2. AR

1.4.3.5.3. LA

1.4.3.5.4. TX

1.4.3.6. The Western Canadian Region

1.4.3.6.1. BC

1.4.3.6.2. AL

1.4.3.6.3. SK

1.4.3.6.4. MN

1.4.3.7. The Eastern Canadian Region

1.4.3.7.1. ON

1.4.3.7.2. QC

1.4.3.7.3. NB

2. The 20 Key Questions of Lumber Trading

2.1. Characteristics of Lumber

2.1.1. What is the species?

2.1.1.1. Unique Characteristics

2.1.1.1.1. strength

2.1.1.1.2. texture

2.1.1.1.3. knot structure

2.1.1.1.4. appearance

2.1.1.1.5. weatherability

2.1.2. What is the dimension?

2.1.2.1. nominal description of T & W

2.1.2.2. differs from actual measurements

2.1.3. What is the grade?

2.1.3.1. grades are uniform standards

2.1.3.1.1. most lumber from sawmill is given a grade

2.1.3.1.2. natural characteristics

2.1.3.1.3. added characteristics

2.1.3.2. Grading Agencies

2.1.3.3. Grading Criteria, by thickness

2.1.3.4. boards

2.1.3.5. factory

2.1.3.6. dimension and timbers

2.1.4. What is the moisture content?

2.1.4.1. what is moisture content?

2.1.4.2. how is lumber dried?

2.1.4.3. Green (unseasoned)

2.1.4.4. Dry

2.1.4.4.1. Kiln Dried

2.1.4.4.2. Air Dried

2.1.4.5. Moisture Content 15 (MC15)

2.1.4.6. Partially Air Dried (PAD)

2.1.4.7. Kiln Wet

2.1.4.8. Whats Dry

2.1.4.9. Whats Green

2.1.4.10. Heat Treatment

2.1.5. What is the surfacing?

2.1.5.1. S2S

2.1.5.2. Special Planer Work

2.1.5.3. Resawing

2.1.5.4. Ripping

2.1.5.5. Pattern Work

2.1.5.6. Rerun Charges

2.1.5.7. Hit and Miss

2.1.5.8. Saw-Sizing

2.1.5.9. Rough Lumber

2.1.5.10. Full Sawn

2.1.5.11. Standard Sawn

2.1.6. Are the edges eased?

2.1.6.1. Radius edge decking (RED)

2.1.7. What is the end trimming?

2.1.7.1. Double-end Trimmed (DET)

2.1.7.2. Precision end Trimmed (PET)

2.1.7.3. Pencil trimming

2.1.8. Is the lumber grade stamped?

2.1.8.1. what type of lumber is grade stamped?

2.2. Packaging of Lumber

2.2.1. How many pieces per unit?

2.2.1.1. Unit Size and Marketing

2.2.1.2. Half-packs

2.2.1.3. Dense Packing

2.2.1.4. Minor Bundling

2.2.2. How many lengths per unit?

2.2.2.1. what types of lumber are pulled to length?

2.2.2.2. is all lumber produced in the same lengths?

2.2.3. how is the lumber protected?

2.2.3.1. Paper (or plastic) Wrapping

2.2.3.2. Paper Caps

2.2.3.3. Poly Under Top Tier (PUTT)

2.2.3.4. Chemical Protection

2.2.3.5. What types of lumber are wrapped?

2.2.3.6. Open Units

2.3. Shipping

2.3.1. What is the tally?

2.3.1.1. types of lumber in a tally

2.3.1.2. formula tallies

2.3.1.3. negotiating a tally

2.3.1.4. tally pricing

2.3.2. How much does the lumber weigh?

2.3.3. What is the method of shipment?

2.3.3.1. flatbed trucks (flatbeds

2.3.3.2. truck vans

2.3.3.3. piggyback vans/containers

2.3.3.4. boxcars

2.3.3.5. flatcars

2.3.3.6. waterborne transport

2.3.4. What is the shipment time?

2.3.4.1. buying from mill

2.3.4.2. buying from reload

2.3.5. What is the delivery address?

2.3.5.1. rail shipments

2.3.5.2. trucks and vans

2.4. Pricing & Terms of Payment

2.4.1. What is the price?

2.4.1.1. taxes

2.4.2. What is the credit status?

2.4.2.1. Cash in advance (CIA)

2.4.2.2. invoicing a parent company

2.4.2.3. Letter of Credit (LC)

2.4.2.4. Personal Guarantee

2.4.2.5. Cash on Delivery (COD)

2.4.2.6. Block Orders

2.4.3. What are the terms of payment?

2.4.3.1. 1% CD

2.4.3.2. ADF:

2.4.3.3. 10 days ADI

2.4.3.4. Net 15 days ADI

2.4.3.5. Negotiating the terms of payment

2.4.4. What is the customer's order number?

2.4.4.1. confirmation #

3. The 20 Key Questions of Panel Trading

3.1. Characteristics of Panel Trading

3.1.1. Structural or non-structural panels?

3.1.1.1. structural held to grade specs

3.1.1.2. non structural no performance guarentee

3.1.2. Plywood or OSB?

3.1.2.1. Plywood

3.1.2.1.1. OG Structural Panel

3.1.2.1.2. Layered Veneer

3.1.2.2. OSB

3.1.2.2.1. Lower cost

3.1.2.3. PS 1 and PS2

3.1.3. What is the durability?

3.1.3.1. moisture exposure

3.1.3.2. exterior rated panels

3.1.3.2.1. siding

3.1.3.2.2. marine plywood

3.1.3.2.3. concrete forming

3.1.3.3. exposure 1

3.1.3.3.1. direct moisture for short time

3.1.3.3.2. eventually covered

3.1.3.3.3. CDX

3.1.4. What is the species?

3.1.4.1. only applies to plywood

3.1.4.2. different species different strength ratings

3.1.4.3. all species tested

3.1.4.3.1. groups 1-5

3.1.4.3.2. group 1 strongest

3.1.4.3.3. group 5 lowest rank

3.1.5. What is the Grade?

3.1.5.1. plywood grades

3.1.5.1.1. veneer grades

3.1.5.1.2. durability and grade

3.1.5.1.3. grade summary

3.1.5.1.4. most common PS 1 plywood grades

3.1.5.2. OSB grades

3.1.5.2.1. Sheathing

3.1.5.2.2. Structural 1 Sheathing

3.1.5.2.3. Single Floor

3.1.6. What is the surfacing?

3.1.6.1. Sanding/Not Sanding

3.1.6.2. Texturing

3.1.7. What is the span rating?

3.1.7.1. recommended center-to-center spacing

3.1.8. What does the grade stamp say?

3.1.8.1. all plywood and osb marked

3.1.8.1.1. stamp from certifier

3.1.8.1.2. durability classification

3.1.8.1.3. panel grade

3.1.8.1.4. nominal thickness of panel

3.1.8.1.5. span rating

3.1.8.1.6. mill number

3.1.8.1.7. direction of the surface strand (OSB)

3.1.9. What is the size of the panel?

3.1.9.1. Width and Length

3.1.9.2. Thickness

3.1.10. Are there edge issues?

3.1.10.1. tongue and groove defect?

3.1.10.2. miscuts?

3.2. Packaging of Panels

3.2.1. How many pieces per unit?

3.2.1.1. Unit Sizes

3.2.2. How are the panels protected?

3.2.2.1. Paper Wrapped

3.2.2.2. Poly Wrapped

3.2.2.3. Van

3.3. Shipping

3.3.1. How much do the panels weigh?

3.3.1.1. crucial to shipping

3.3.2. What is the method of shipment?

3.3.2.1. Box cars

3.3.2.2. Flat Cars

3.3.2.3. Trucks/Containers/Vans

3.3.3. What is the shipment time?

3.3.3.1. see lumber questions

3.3.4. What is the delivery address?

3.3.4.1. see lumber questions

3.4. Pricing & Payment Terms

3.4.1. What is the price?

3.4.1.1. priced in $/msf

3.4.2. What is the credit status?

3.4.2.1. see lumber questions

3.4.3. What are the terms of payment?

3.4.3.1. see lumber questions

3.4.4. What is the customer's order number?

3.4.4.1. see lumber questions

4. The Business of Trading

4.1. A Day in the life

4.1.1. Who to buy from?

4.1.1.1. Industry Directories

4.1.1.2. Information from credit agencies

4.1.1.3. Commercial sellers of lists

4.1.1.4. Phone Books & Yellow Pages

4.1.1.5. Industry Associations

4.1.1.6. Grading Agency membership lists

4.1.1.7. Old accounts / suppliers

4.1.1.8. The Internet

4.1.2. Develop Accounts

4.1.2.1. Time

4.1.2.1.1. Key Starter

4.1.2.1.2. Account Registration

4.1.2.2. Willingness to learn

4.1.2.2.1. Weekly Pricing Reports

4.1.2.3. Patience

4.1.2.3.1. Chain of Command

4.1.2.3.2. Communication Channel

4.1.2.4. Practice

4.1.2.4.1. Cold Calls

4.2. Philosophy

4.2.1. People Business

4.2.1.1. No Paper Trail

4.2.1.1.1. Verbal Committments

4.2.1.2. High Volume

4.2.1.3. High Value

4.2.1.4. High Complexity

4.2.1.4.1. Product Variations

4.2.1.4.2. Volatility

4.2.1.4.3. Supply vs Demand

4.2.2. How Mills differentiate products

4.2.2.1. Grading Agencies created to standardize

4.2.2.1.1. still room to differentiate

4.2.2.1.2. minimum strength

4.2.2.1.3. physical characteristics

4.2.2.2. Unique Marketing Strategy

4.2.2.3. WHO is selling their products

4.2.2.4. Quality

4.2.2.4.1. Appearance

4.2.2.4.2. Packaging

4.2.3. Order-at-a-time, everyday business

4.2.4. Don't look back

4.2.5. Contract Business

4.3. Speculation & Risk

4.3.1. Manufacturers

4.3.1.1. Classes

4.3.1.1.1. treating plants

4.3.1.1.2. mills

4.3.1.1.3. remanufacturers

4.3.1.2. Activities

4.3.1.2.1. Raw goods to finished products

4.3.1.3. Speculation

4.3.1.3.1. order file

4.3.2. Reselling / Service Businesses

4.3.2.1. Primary Class

4.3.2.1.1. office wholesalers

4.3.2.1.2. Reload centers

4.3.2.1.3. co-ops

4.3.2.1.4. national/regional distribution

4.3.2.2. Activity

4.3.2.2.1. Buy large qtys

4.3.2.2.2. provide service

4.3.2.2.3. sell unaltered

4.3.2.3. Speculation

4.3.2.3.1. Back-to-Back Orders

4.3.2.3.2. Long Orders

4.3.2.3.3. Short Orders

4.3.3. Retailers / End Users

4.3.3.1. Classes

4.3.3.1.1. Retail Lumber Yards

4.3.3.1.2. Big Box Stores

4.3.3.1.3. Wood Products Producers

4.3.3.2. Activities

4.3.3.2.1. Lumber into wood product

4.3.3.2.2. Buy partial truck loads

4.3.3.2.3. sell in $/pc

4.3.3.3. Speculation

4.3.3.3.1. Inventory

4.4. Service Aspect

4.4.1. Marketing

4.4.2. Transportation

4.4.3. Credit

4.4.4. Claims

4.4.5. Speculation

4.5. Inventory Control

4.5.1. Just-In-Time Buying

4.5.2. Vendor Managed Inventory

4.5.3. Electronic Data Interface (EDI)

5. Shipping

5.1. Rail

5.1.1. Overview

5.1.1.1. Pros

5.1.1.2. Cons

5.1.1.3. Routing

5.1.1.4. Tariff Rates & Contract Rates

5.1.1.5. How to get a rate

5.1.1.6. Rail Equipment

5.1.2. Rail Rates

5.1.2.1. Weight-Based Rates

5.1.2.2. Per Charge Rates

5.1.2.3. Proportional Rates

5.1.2.4. Getting Rates & Routes

5.1.3. Notes

5.1.3.1. Shipping Unsold Lumber

5.2. Trucking

5.2.1. Overview

5.2.1.1. Pros

5.2.1.2. Cons

5.2.2. Rate Structure

5.2.2.1. $ / Loaded Mile

5.2.2.1.1. Know weight before

5.2.2.1.2. Know Miles before

5.2.2.2. $ / hundredweight

5.2.2.2.1. Minimum weight

5.2.2.2.2. Which rate to chose

5.2.3. Notes

5.2.3.1. Tarp Charges

5.2.3.2. Stopover Charges

5.2.3.3. Surcharges

5.2.3.4. Insurance

5.2.3.5. Authority

5.2.3.6. Deadhead Miles

5.2.3.7. Back hauls

5.3. Containers

5.3.1. Overview

5.3.1.1. Pros

5.3.1.2. Cons

5.3.2. Rate Structure

5.3.2.1. Other Services

5.3.2.1.1. Door-to-door

5.3.2.1.2. Ramp-to-door

5.3.2.1.3. Door-to-ramp

5.3.2.1.4. Ramp-to-ramp

5.3.3. Notes

5.3.3.1. Loading / Unloading

6. Resolving Claims

6.1. Overview

6.1.1. Who's Responsible?

6.1.2. Claim Filing limitations

6.2. What to do when you get a claim in 12 steps

6.2.1. Step 1: Settle claims as expeditiously as possible.

6.2.2. Step 2: Document clearly and continuously

6.2.3. Step 3: Be quiet and listen

6.2.4. Step 4: Verify its your load

6.2.5. Step 5: Take Charge of the situation

6.2.6. Step 6: Start your paper trail

6.2.7. Step 7: Make Sure the material is unloaded and stored under cover

6.2.8. Step 8: Make sure that the person on the phone has actually seen the problem

6.2.9. Step 9: Is this a grade claim or a dissatisfaction issue?

6.2.10. Step 10: Exchange evidence of the problem

6.2.11. Step 11: How serious in the problem

6.2.12. Step 12: ensure that partial payment will be made

6.3. Types of Claims

6.3.1. Transportation Claims

6.3.1.1. Rail Claims

6.3.1.1.1. what to do

6.3.1.2. Truck Claims

6.3.1.2.1. mark the bill of lading

6.3.1.2.2. what to do

6.3.2. General Grade and Manufacturing

6.3.2.1. lumber related

6.3.2.1.1. misgraded lumber

6.3.2.1.2. reinspection

6.3.2.1.3. mismanufactured lumber

6.3.2.2. Panel-related

6.3.2.2.1. misgraded panels

6.3.2.2.2. Procedure

6.3.2.2.3. results of reinspection

6.3.2.2.4. delamination reinspections

6.3.3. Moisture Content

6.3.3.1. Lumber related

6.3.3.1.1. what to do

6.3.3.2. Panel related

6.3.4. Tally Discrepancies and Shortages

6.3.4.1. tally claims

6.3.4.1.1. what to do

6.3.4.2. shortage claims

6.3.4.2.1. what to do

6.3.5. Shipment Time

6.3.5.1. distribution yard shipments

6.3.5.2. mill shipments

6.3.5.3. early shipments

6.3.5.4. late shipments

6.3.5.4.1. what to do

6.3.6. Market Claim

6.3.7. Complaints

7. Special Market Sectors

7.1. Pressure-Treated Lumber

7.1.1. why pressure treated lumber?

7.1.2. types of preservative treatment

7.1.3. pressure treating process

7.1.4. retention levels

7.1.5. what does the treatment mark say

7.1.6. what does it cost?

7.2. Machine Stress-Rated Lumber

7.2.1. what is msr?

7.2.2. MSR Grades

7.3. Non-Panel Engineered Wood Products

7.3.1. Finger jointed wood products

7.3.1.1. what is the fingerjointing process?

7.3.2. Glue-Laminated Beams (Gluelams)

7.3.3. Wood I-Joists

7.3.4. Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)

7.3.5. Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)

7.3.6. Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL)

7.4. International Markets

7.4.1. see regions

8. The Futures Market

8.1. Lumber Futures

8.2. What is a futures contract?

8.3. Timing of the Contract

8.4. Why Trade or follow futures market?

8.4.1. hedging

8.4.2. how is a hedge applied?

8.4.3. only 2x4?

8.4.4. the basis

8.4.5. convergence

8.4.6. other types of hedges

8.4.6.1. EFPs

8.5. Lumber options

8.5.1. opportunity not obligation

9. The Manufacturing Process

9.1. Lumber

9.1.1. Overview

9.1.2. Step 1: In the woods

9.1.3. Step 2: The Log Deck

9.1.4. Step 3: Staging

9.1.5. Step 4: Debarking

9.1.6. Step 5: Bucking

9.1.7. Step 6: Scanning

9.1.8. Step 7: To the headrig

9.1.9. Step 8: Gang saws and Edgers

9.1.10. Step 9: Green Chain

9.1.11. Step 10: Stickering

9.1.12. Step 11: To the kilns

9.1.13. Step 12: To the Planer

9.1.14. Step 13: Grading

9.1.15. Step 14: End Trimming

9.1.16. Step 15: Sorting

9.1.17. Step 16: Finishing touches

9.1.18. Step 17: Unitizing

9.2. Plywood

9.2.1. Overview

9.2.2. Step 1: The Log Deck

9.2.3. Step 2: Debarking

9.2.4. Step 3: Bucking

9.2.5. Step 4: Conditioning

9.2.6. Step 5: Peeling

9.2.7. Step 6: Clipping

9.2.8. Step 7: Drying

9.2.9. Step 8: Grading

9.2.10. Step 9: Partial Sheets

9.2.11. Step 10: Gluing

9.2.12. Step 11: Lay-up

9.2.13. Step 12: To the press

9.2.14. Step 13: Trimming

9.2.15. Step 14: Unitizing

9.2.16. Step 15: Shipping

9.3. OSB

9.3.1. Overview

9.3.2. Step 1: The Log Deck

9.3.3. Step 2: Bucking

9.3.4. Step 3: Conditioning

9.3.5. Step 4: Debarking

9.3.6. Step 5: Stranding

9.3.7. Step 6: Drying

9.3.8. Step 7: Sorting

9.3.9. Step 8: The Glue

9.3.10. Step 9: The forming line

9.3.11. Step 10: To the presses

9.3.12. Step 11: Scanning

9.3.13. Step 12: Trimming

9.3.14. Step 13: Finishing Touches

9.3.15. Step 14: Unitizing

9.3.16. Step 15: Shipping

10. Calculating Tally Value

11. Maximizing Flatcar Lumber Loadings

12. The U.S/Canadian Softwood Lumber Agreement

13. Industry Organizations

13.1. American Forest and Paper Association

13.1.1. American Forest and Paper Association Home

13.1.2. American Forest & Paper Association

13.1.3. AF&PA (@ForestandPaper) | Twitter

13.1.4. American Forest and Paper Association

13.1.5. https://www.linkedin.com//company/american-forest-&-paper-association

13.2. American Institute of Timber Construction

13.2.1. American Institute Timber Construction – American Institute Timber Construction

13.3. American Wood Preservers' Association

13.3.1. AWPA

13.4. APA - The Engineered Wood Association

13.4.1. Home - APA – The Engineered Wood Association

13.4.2. APA – The Engineered Wood Association

13.4.3. APA Engineered Wood (@APAwood) | Twitter

13.4.4. https://www.linkedin.com/company/apa---the-engineered-wood-association/

13.4.5. APA – The Engineered Wood Association

13.5. California Redwood Association

13.5.1. Choose Redwood for Your Outdoor Living Spaces | California Redwood

13.6. Chicago mercantile exchange

13.6.1. CONTACT US | Canadian Softwood Inspection Agency Inc.

13.6.2. CME Group

13.6.3. CME Group (@CMEGroup) | Twitter

13.6.4. CME Group

13.6.5. https://www.linkedin.com/company/cme-group/

13.6.6. Login • Instagram

13.7. Canadian Softwood Inspection Agency

13.7.1. Canadian Softwood Inspection Agency Inc. | Macdonald Inspection Services

13.8. Canadian Plywood Association

13.8.1. Canadian Plywood Association

13.9. Council of Forest Industries

13.9.1. BC Council of Forest Industries (@COFI_INFO) | Twitter

13.9.2. https://www.linkedin.com/company/council-of-forest-industries/?originalSubdomain=ca

13.9.3. Home | Council of Forest Industries

13.10. MacDonald Inspection Service

13.11. Maritime Lumber Bureau

13.11.1. Maritime Lumber Bureau - Maritime Lumber Bureau

13.12. North American Building Material Dealers Association

13.12.1. NBMDA : North American Building Material Distribution Association

13.12.2. https://www.linkedin.com/company/north-american-building-material-distribution-association-nbmda-/

13.12.3. NBMDA Headquarters

13.12.4. North American Building Materials Distribution Association

13.12.5. Distributor Convention (@DistributorConv) | Twitter

13.13. National Lumber & Building Material Dealer Association

13.13.1. National Lumber & Building Material Dealers Association - NLBMDA

13.13.2. National Lumber and Building Material Dealers Association

13.13.3. National Lumber & Building Material Dealers Assoc. (@NLBMDA) | Twitter

13.13.4. https://www.linkedin.com/company/national-lumber-&-building-material-dealers-association-nlbmda-

13.14. North American Wholesale Lumber Association

13.14.1. NAWLA : North American Wholesale Lumber Association

13.14.2. NAWLA - North American Wholesale Lumber Association

13.14.3. NAWLA (@NAWLA1893) | Twitter

13.14.4. https://www.linkedin.com/company/nawla/

13.15. Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association

13.15.1. NeLMA (Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association)

13.15.2. NELMA (@iNELMA) | Twitter

13.15.3. NELMA Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association

13.15.4. NelmaTV

13.15.5. NELMA Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association

13.15.6. NELMA Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association

13.16. Ontario Lumber Manufacturers Association

13.16.1. OLMA – Ontario Lumber Manufacturers Agency – Trust in our roots. | Confiance en nos racines.

13.16.2. OLMA – Ontario Lumber Manufacturers Agency – Trust in our roots. | Confiance en nos racines.

13.16.3. OLMA (@olma_lumber) | Twitter

13.16.3.1. OLMA – Ontario Lumber Manufacturers Agency – Trust in our roots. | Confiance en nos racines.

13.17. Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau

13.17.1. Members, Services and Information. An accredited non-profit inspection and certification agency to the lumber industry| Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau

13.17.2. Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau - PLIB

13.17.3. https://www.linkedin.com/company/pacific-lumber-inspection-bureau/

13.18. PFS Corporation

13.18.1. PFS·TECO - Welcome

13.19. Pittsburgh Testing Lab

13.20. Renewable Resource Association

13.20.1. Renewable Resource Coalition: Green Energy & Resources

13.21. Southeastern Forest Products Association

13.21.1. Southern Forest Products Association | Southern Pine Lumber

13.21.2. SFPA (@Southern_Pine) | Twitter

13.21.3. Southern Forest Products Association - SFPA

13.21.4. Login • Instagram

13.21.5. southernpinelumber

13.22. Southern Pine Inspection Bureau

13.22.1. SPIB.org Home | SPIB | Southern Pine Inspection Bureau

13.22.2. https://www.linkedin.com/company/southern-pine-inspection-bureau/

13.22.3. Southern Pine Inspection Bureau

13.22.4. Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (@SPIB_FL) | Twitter

13.22.5. Southern Pine Inspection Bureau

13.23. TECO

13.23.1. TECO Energy

13.24. Timber Products Inspection

13.24.1. Timber Products Inspection: Wood Products Inspection and Testing

13.25. West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau

13.25.1. https://www.wclib.org/

13.25.2. West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau

13.26. Western Wood Products Association

13.26.1. Home

13.27. Window & Door Manufacturers Association

13.27.1. Window & Door Manufacturers Association (WDMA)

13.27.2. Window and Door Manufacturers Association (WDMA)

13.27.3. https://www.linkedin.com/company/window-&-door-manufacturers-association-wdma-/

13.27.4. WDMA (@WDMAnews) | Twitter

13.28. Wood Moulding and Millwork Producers Association

13.28.1. https://www.wmmpa.com/

13.28.2. https://www.facebook.com/Moulding-Millwork-Producers-Association-MMPA-144801978868197/

13.28.3. MMPA (@WMmoulding) | Twitter

13.28.4. https://www.linkedin.com/company-beta/15518311/

13.28.5. Login • Instagram

13.28.6. Kellie Schroeder (wmmpa) on Pinterest

14. Canadian Lumbermens Assocation

15. Key Words

15.1. AAC (After Arrival of Car)

15.1.1. period to provide payment is based around the arrival date of car, not shipment date

15.2. AAT (After Arrival of Truck)

15.2.1. period to provide payment is based around the arrival date of truck, not shipment date

15.3. ADF (After Deducting Freight)

15.3.1. the freight cost is not subject to discounts

15.4. ADI (After Date of Invoice)

15.4.1. period to provide payment is based on the date of the invoice, not shipment or arrival date

15.5. A-Frame Flatcar

15.5.1. railroad flat car with a center divider that goes the length of the car. ( aka center-beam flatcar )

15.6. Agreed Weights

15.6.1. predetermined weight / mbf that will be used to calculate the total shipping weight for railroad invoices

15.7. Air Dried

15.7.1. seasoned by exposure to natural elements, as opposed to being kiln dried

15.8. Anti-Stain Treatment

15.8.1. applied to prevent discoloration and fungal growth during transit and storage ( aka Anti-Travel Treatment )

15.9. Appearance Grades

15.9.1. high-line regular board and dimensions grades that include tighter restrictions on certain appearance characteristics, particularly wane.

15.10. Authority

15.10.1. states that a truck is licensed to operate within

15.11. Back

15.11.1. Backside of a piece of lumber opposite the face. Often the lower quality side

15.12. Backhaul

15.12.1. when a truck picks up goods on the return trip after already delivering a load

15.13. Back-to-back (order)

15.13.1. when the buy and sell simultaneously

15.14. Bad Ordered Car

15.14.1. when a railcar is removed from a train because of mechanical issues

15.15. Bank Trade Information

15.15.1. credit references used to establish a line of credit

15.16. Barge

15.16.1. ship used to transports large quantities of goods

15.17. Basis

15.17.1. difference between the futures market contract price and the cash market price

15.18. Basis Trade

15.18.1. joint trade placed to take advantage of a favorable spread between the two

15.19. BHFC

15.19.1. bulkhead flatcar

15.20. Big Boxes

15.20.1. large warehouse-type lumber and building material stores catering to do-it-yourself shoppers

15.21. Bill of Lading

15.21.1. transportation document describing both the goods received for shipment and the routing of their shipment

15.22. Blocking and Bracing

15.22.1. low-grade lumber used in a railcar to keep the contents from shifting in transit

15.23. Blows

15.23.1. a plywood defect characterized by the separation of a portion of veneers sometimes causing splits in surface veneers

15.24. Board Foot (BF)

15.24.1. common volumetric unit of measure in the lumber industry equivalent to a piece of wood 1 inch thick, 12 inches wide and 12 inches long

15.25. Board Lumber

15.25.1. lumber 1 inch in nominal thickness

15.26. Board Measure

15.26.1. indicates the unit of measure being used is the board foot

15.27. Bow

15.27.1. lumber defect referring to deviation from a straight line drawn end to end along the wide face of a piece of lumber

15.28. Boxcar

15.28.1. a fully enclosed railcar with single or double sliding doors

15.29. Boxed Heart

15.29.1. the center of the tree within the four sides of the end of a piece of lumber ( aka bullseye)

15.30. Buck

15.30.1. to rough cut, for length, a log

15.31. Bulkhead Flatcar

15.31.1. a flat deck railcar with a vertical wall ( or bulkhead ) at each end

15.32. Buying Group

15.32.1. a cooperative organization set up by ( usually ) retail lumber yards to perform certain buying functions ( aka Co-Ops )

15.33. Can

15.33.1. a large flat sided slab from a log, intended to be sawn to smaller sizes

15.34. Car Number

15.34.1. the number of the railcar used for identification, typically painted on the sides

15.35. Carrier

15.35.1. a railroad or truck line that transports goods

15.36. Cash Discount (CD)

15.36.1. incentive used by seller to get fast payment

15.37. Cash in Advance (CIA)

15.37.1. requires payment before shipping the product

15.38. Cash Market or Cash

15.38.1. futures market term used to describe lumber market

15.39. Cash on Delivery

15.39.1. requires payment immediately upon delivery of product

15.40. CCA Chromated Copper Arsenate

15.40.1. used in pressure treating lumber

15.41. Certificate of Inspection

15.41.1. a document issued by the head grader of a sawmill, certifying the grade and species classification of a particular load of lumber that has not been grade stamped

15.42. Checking

15.42.1. a lumber defect referring to the separation of wood fiber across the annual growth rings

15.43. Chemically Protected Lumber

15.43.1. lumber treated with anti - stain chemicals to protect it in transit

15.44. Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME)

15.44.1. the lumber futures and options market

15.45. C/L

15.45.1. carload

15.46. Clean and Bright

15.46.1. the freshly manufactured appearance of lumber as it comes from the planer

15.47. Clear

15.47.1. free, or nearly free, of defects

15.48. Cold Calls

15.48.1. unsolicited sales attempts to prospective customers

15.49. Combination Rate

15.49.1. a rail freight price quoted in two or more parts

15.50. Commodity

15.50.1. an item of wide usage , traded in great volume

15.51. Commons

15.51.1. the most generally used grade classification for boards. A term sometimes used synonymous with boards

15.52. Concentration Yard

15.52.1. a large lumber storage and reload facility

15.53. Concrete Form

15.53.1. plywood panels with B grade faces on both sides used as molds in pouring concrete

15.54. Consignee

15.54.1. the one to whom goods are consigned or delivered ; the owner of the goods being shipped

15.55. Constructive Placement

15.55.1. the process of taking a loaded railcar out of a train because it does not have a final destination. A fee is charged for this service.

15.56. Container

15.56.1. an enclosed van that ships like a piggyback , but is not attached to a truck chassis

15.57. Continuous Press

15.57.1. in newer OSB mills, a belt that feds a continuous mat of preformed strands into a press. Panels are cut-to-length after pressing.

15.58. Contract Month

15.58.1. the month in which a particular futures contract will expire.

15.59. Contract Freight Rate

15.59.1. a preferential, non-public freight rate negotiated between a shipper and transportation company.

15.60. Contract Orders

15.60.1. block orders covering multiple shipments

15.61. Convergence

15.61.1. the coming together of market price at the expiration of a contract month.

15.62. Co-Ops

15.62.1. Similar to buyer groups

15.63. Count

15.63.1. the nominal thickness, width and length used in determining board footage for invoicing purposes

15.64. Counter

15.64.1. a counteroffer to buy or sell at a better price, tally, shipment time, etc., than was originally offered

15.65. Coverage

15.65.1. both the ability and the willingness to fill a specific lumber inquiry

15.66. Crook

15.66.1. a lumber defect referring to a deviation from a straight line drawn end to end along the narrow face of a piece of lumber

15.67. Cross-cut

15.67.1. to cut a piece of lumber perpendicular to its length

15.68. Cup

15.68.1. a lumber defect referring to a deviation from a straight line drawn edge to edge across the face of a piece of lumber

15.69. Customer Profile

15.69.1. a listing of all the information known about a customer, including lumber requirements and preferences, as well as personal and business information.

15.70. Cut

15.70.1. a reference a sawmill’s output, as in “ a cedar cut “ or “ a daily cut of one million feet. “

15.71. Cuttings (factory)

15.71.1. a term describing the number of usable pieces one is able to get from a particular piece or batch of lumber

15.72. Cuttings (timber)

15.72.1. a term often used synonymous the timbers

15.73. CWT

15.73.1. short for hundredweight, a transportation term for a hundred pounds.

15.74. Deadhead Miles

15.74.1. the non loaded miles a truck travels to get to the location of the lumber or panels it is going to haul.

15.75. Debarker

15.75.1. any of the various machines used to remove bark from logs prior to processing them into lumber

15.76. Delivered Price

15.76.1. a price that includes the mill cost for the lumber or panels plus the freight to the destination

15.77. Delivering Carrier

15.77.1. the railroad serving the destination customer

15.78. Demurrage

15.78.1. a fee assessed by railroads to shippers who tie up cars beyond the normally allotted loading, unloading and transit time

15.79. Dense

15.79.1. a grade qualifier used to designate lumber with particular strength characteristics

15.80. Dense Packing

15.80.1. a method of loading boxcars whereby various unit sizes used to completely fill the interior space of a car. Most commonly used when loading studs

15.81. Design Values

15.81.1. a measure of strength factors in lumber involving the basic properties of wood. The two most properties of wood. The two most commonly grades design values are bending strength ( Fb ) and modulus of elasticity ( E ) .

15.82. Destination Reload

15.82.1. a reload established to be close to the customer base rather than the supplier base.

15.83. Dimension Lumber

15.83.1. lumber usually 2 inches in nominal thickness

15.84. Distribution Yard

15.84.1. a large storage and shipment yard stocking lumber and other building materials.

15.85. Diversion

15.85.1. the changing of the destination of a railroad car while it is in transit.

15.86. Diversion Point

15.86.1. a centrally located geographic point to which unsold railcars of lumber are shipped and held until the lumber is sold

15.87. Door-to-door piggyback service

15.87.1. a piggyback rate that includes service from the point of the lumber’s origin to the customer’s yard

15.88. Double-end Trimmed (DET)

15.88.1. lumber that is trimmed reasonably square on both ends by the saw

15.89. Dressed

15.89.1. surfaced

15.90. Dry

15.90.1. seasoned usually to a moisture content of less than 19% ( less than 15% fro selects and factory lumber

15.91. Dry Kiln

15.91.1. a chamber in which lumber is temperature and air circulation

15.92. Dunnage

15.92.1. low- grade lumber used as blocking and bracing when loading lumber or panels onto railroad truck or van equipment.

15.93. Eased Edge

15.93.1. a slight rounding of the edges of lumber done as lumber goes through the planer

15.94. Eastern Canadian Producing Region

15.94.1. includes everything east of the province of Alberta, but principally the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritimes.

15.95. Edgebanding

15.95.1. a inked marking , usually indicating the manufacturer, printed continuously along the edge of a piece of lumber

15.96. Edge-Glued

15.96.1. lumber or veneer glued square edge to square edge, to produce wider pieces

15.97. Electronic Data Interface (EDI)

15.97.1. the transferring of information, invoices, payments, etc. between companies via computer rather than by mail or fax

15.98. Exchange for Physical (EFP)

15.98.1. a futures term meaning that a futures contract shipment will be filled by something other than the contract specified 2 x 4 ( aka Ex-Pit trade )

15.99. End Matched

15.99.1. a pattern run o n both ends of pieces of lumber both to help prevent the ends from splitting and as a means of manufacturer ID.

15.100. End Paint

15.100.1. a colored paint sprayed on the ends of lumber both to help prevent the ends from splitting and as a means of manufacturer ID

15.101. End Stamp

15.101.1. a grade stamp placed on the end of finished lumber, instead of the more normal placement on the face

15.102. End Trim

15.102.1. the description of how the ends of finished lumber are cut

15.103. End Wax

15.103.1. wax sprayed on the ends of lumber to help prevent the ends from splitting

15.104. Engineered Wood Products

15.104.1. products manufactured from wood fiber ( in many different forms ) and glue. Examples include glulam beams, wood I-joists, and laminated veneer lumber

15.105. Exposure 1

15.105.1. a performance rating for panels intended for use in protected applications but where long exposure during construction may be expected

15.106. Exterior

15.106.1. panels designed for continuous exposure to weather or moisture, with proper surface protection

15.107. E Value

15.107.1. the modulus of elasticity. A design value commonly used in machine stress-rated lumber. A measure of stiffness.

15.108. Face

15.108.1. the best of the two wide sides of a piece of lumber or plywood

15.109. Factory Lumber

15.109.1. lumber intended to be remanufactured after it leaves the sawmill

15.110. Fb

15.110.1. the designation for the compression strength design value

15.111. Fbm

15.111.1. feet, board measure

15.112. Fc

15.112.1. the designation for the compression strength design value

15.113. Finger Jointing

15.113.1. a method of end-joining lumber whereby the ends are cut in a deep zigzag pattern forming “fingers.” Using glue, heat, and mechanical pressure, the pieces are forced together to form a strong

15.114. Finish (selects)

15.114.1. the highest grades of lumber graded under Alternate Board Rules

15.115. Firm Offer

15.115.1. a promise to buy or sell a product if certain specific conditions are met.

15.116. Flatbed Truck

15.116.1. a truck tractor and trailer with a flat bed used for hauling unitized lumber.

15.117. Flatcar

15.117.1. a railcar open on all sides. A platform on wheels.

15.118. Flat Grain ( FG )

15.118.1. lumber in which the annual rings form an angle of less than 45 degrees with the surface of the piece

15.119. Flat-to-Van

15.119.1. a piggyback van rate in which the lumber is picked up at the origin on a flatbed truck , then later transferred to a van for its continued shipment to the destination.

15.120. FOHC

15.120.1. free of heart center ( boxed heart )

15.121. Formula Tally

15.121.1. a mill’s standard tally

15.122. Framing Lumber

15.122.1. lumber ( usually 2 inches in nominal thickness ) used for structural members in wood-framed buildings

15.123. Free on Board (FOB)

15.123.1. a freight term meaning that material is being purchased on the basis that all freight considerations are the responsibility of the buyer

15.124. Free of Heart Center (FOHC)

15.124.1. lumber that does not contain the pith of the tree in either end of the piece

15.125. Freight Collect

15.125.1. a freight bill due upon arrival at the destination

15.126. Freight Prepaid

15.126.1. a freight bill paid at the time of shipment, rather than once the shipment has arrived at the destination

15.127. “Friday Prior” Pricing

15.127.1. the practice of pricing ( usually ) contract orders based on the price in a market report published on the Friday prior to the lumber’s shipping

15.128. Ft

15.128.1. the design value measuring tension parallel to grain

15.129. Full Sawn

15.129.1. lumber cut, in the rough, to its full nominal size

15.130. Furring Strips

15.130.1. 1x2, 1x3, 1x4, usually in the lower grades, used in general building applications

15.131. Fv

15.131.1. the design value measuring horizontal shear strength

15.132. Gang Rip

15.132.1. to cut one piece of lumber into a number of smaller pieces in just one pass through the saws

15.133. Gateway

15.133.1. another name for a diversion point. An interim destination for unsold lumber

15.134. Glue-Laminated Beams (Glulams)

15.134.1. an engineered wood product made by face-gluing multiple pieces of lumber together

15.135. Grademark

15.135.1. a stamp or symbol applied to a piece of lumber , by the grader at a sawmill, to designate grade

15.136. Grade Stamp

15.136.1. an inked marking put on lumber to show its important characteristics and mill information

15.137. Green Chain

15.137.1. a moving conveyor chain bringing rough, green lumber out of the sawmill. From the green chain, lumber is sorted by thickness and width in preparation for drying or surfacing.

15.138. Green Lumber

15.138.1. lumber with a moisture content in excess of 19%

15.139. Gross Vehicular Weight (GVW)

15.139.1. the total gross allowable weight for a truck, it's trailer, and its cargo

15.140. Hit & Miss (H&M)

15.140.1. lumber that has been surfaced, but contains skips. The areas of skip dressing are found in those parts of the piece too thin to cleanly surface

15.141. Half Packs

15.141.1. lumber in smaller than normal unit sizes

15.142. Headrig

15.142.1. the primary saw in a sawmill

15.143. Heart Center

15.143.1. the pith or center of a log

15.144. Heartwood

15.144.1. the central ( usually darker in color ) portion of a log between the center ( pith ) and the sapwood

15.145. Hedge (future market)

15.145.1. the establishing of a position in futures opposite to one in the cash market, designed to maintain a profit or minimize a loss

15.146. Hem-Fir

15.146.1. a species grouping including Western Hemlock and all true firs except Alpine and Balsam

15.147. Humped Shipment

15.147.1. a rail shipment that has been damaged by another car slamming into it, jarring the contents

15.148. Hundredweight

15.148.1. abbreviated “cwt” a transportation term meaning 100 pounds

15.149. Incising

15.149.1. cutting slits into the surface of a piece of wood to improve absorption of chemical preservative.

15.150. Inland Producing Region

15.150.1. roughly , the lumber producing region of the U.S. between the Cascade Mountains and the Rocky Mountains

15.151. Interchange

15.151.1. the point at which different railroads intersect and at which railcars can be switched from one carrier to another

15.152. Intermediate Carrier

15.152.1. an in-between railroad in a routing. one that is neither the originating carrier nor the delivering carrier

15.153. Jack Ladder

15.153.1. a type of conveyor used to bring logs up into a manufacturing plant

15.154. Jacket Boards

15.154.1. boards produced in a dimension mill from the thin slabs cut form the outside of logs. Slabs not tickenoguth to make dimension

15.155. J-Grade

15.155.1. Boards produced in a dimension mill from the thin slabs cut from outside of logs. SLabs not thick enough to make dimension lumber. Also called strips or sidecuts

15.156. Joist

15.156.1. A structural framing member used horizontally to support a ceiling or floor

15.157. Just in Time (JIT)

15.157.1. A buying philosophy characterized by minimizing inventory and buying products only as they are needed

15.158. Kerf

15.158.1. The gap or space left by a saw as it cuts through a piece of lumber

15.159. Kiln

15.159.1. See dry kiln

15.160. Kiln Dried (KD)

15.160.1. Describes lumber that has been dried in a kiln (as opposed to being air dried)

15.161. Kiln Dried After Treatment (KDAT)

15.161.1. Refers to lumber that has been kiln dried to 19% or less moisture content after being pressure treated

15.162. Kiln Wet

15.162.1. Lumber that has gone through the kiln drying process, but still contains more moisture than is allowable for dry lumber

15.163. Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL)

15.163.1. A type of engineered wood product.

15.164. Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)

15.164.1. A type of engineered wood products.

15.165. Lathe Check

15.165.1. A characteristic of peeled veneer resulting from the peeling process in which the veneer is bent as it is separated from the block. The depth of a lathe check is influenced by the pressure of the nose, or roller bar

15.166. Lathe

15.166.1. A machine upon which logs are peeled to yield veneer for plywood or laminated veneer lumber

15.167. Layer

15.167.1. A course of veneer used in the wood manufacturing of plywood. A layer can have more than one ply, for example, a 4-ply panel has three layers, with the middle layer being two veneers thick

15.168. Letter of Credit (LC)

15.168.1. A document signed by the buyers bank, guaranteeing payment on a shipment if the buyer should fail to pay within normal terms

15.169. Loaded Miles

15.169.1. A trucking term referring to the actual number of miles that lumber will be carried from a mill to a destination. Does no include the deadhead, or non loaded miles a trucker must travel to get to a mil to pick up the lumber.

15.170. Loading

15.170.1. The type of equipment used to transport a shipment of lumber

15.171. Loading Diagram

15.171.1. A diagram showing the placement and configuration of units of lumber in a loading

15.172. Load Shift

15.172.1. Lumber units or pieces that have changed position while in transit, possibly damaging the material and making it difficult to unload

15.173. Long Deck

15.173.1. A holding yard for logs before they go into the sawmill

15.174. Long Position

15.174.1. A speculative market position in which one buys and one hold lumber or panels for some time before selling it

15.175. Loose Loaded

15.175.1. A boxcar loading in which the lumber is not unitized but which instead is loaded and unloaded piece by piece

15.176. Lot loaded

15.176.1. A way of loading stopover trucks so that portions of the load can be unloaded separately at two or more destinations

15.177. Lumber

15.177.1. A wood product manufactured from a log and sawn on all four sides

15.178. Machine Stress-Rated Lumber (MSR)

15.178.1. lumber both visually and machine graded

15.179. Making Delivery

15.179.1. A futures market term meaning one is going to actually ship a load of lumber against a short position held at the close of a futures contract.

15.180. Mill Grade

15.180.1. Plywood that conforms generally to size, thickness, and glue line requirements but does not have all the quality characteristics necessary for grading agency approval

15.181. Mill Run

15.181.1. The general Grade description for a mills entire grade tally on a particular run, with nothing having been selected out.

15.182. Minimum Weight

15.182.1. The minimum weight that will be charged form regardless of weight being hauled

15.183. Minor Bundling

15.183.1. Special packaging for smaller pieces of lumber (all the same size) that are tied together with string or tape, 10 or 12 per bundle. These small bundles are then usually unitized into normal sized (approx 2’ x 4’) units. Sometimes called sub-bundled

15.184. Mixed Grain (MG)

15.184.1. A load of lumber that contains pieces of both flat grain and vertical grain

15.185. Mixed-species grouping

15.185.1. Lumber of two or more species that have similar appearance and strength characteristics and are manufactured and marketed together

15.186. Modulus of Elasticity

15.186.1. A ratio describing the amount a material will deflect in proportion to an applied load.

15.187. Moisture Content

15.187.1. The weight of the water in the wood, expressed as percentage of the weight of the oven dry (Containing no moisture)

15.188. Moisture Meter

15.188.1. An instrument used to determine the moisture content of a piece of wood

15.189. Nested Shorts

15.189.1. Short length of lumber that are placed end-to-end, inside units of longer length lumber

15.190. Net-Net

15.190.1. A futures market invoicing term meaning that no cash discount is given for prompt payment

15.191. Net Terms

15.191.1. The total amount of an invoice that is due if the discount is not taken

15.192. Nominal

15.192.1. The name for the size of a piece of lumber, not the actual measurement of that piece (i.e., what we call a 2x4 is actually piece of lumber 1-1/2 x 3-½)

15.193. Non-Structural Panels

15.193.1. Any various panels such as particleboard, insulating board, hardboard, medium density fiberboard, and others, which building codes preclude from use in structural applications

15.194. Not-Eased Edges

15.194.1. Refers to edges that have not been rounded or “eased”. They may be square, or they may contain the full amount of wane allowed

15.195. Off Grade

15.195.1. Lumber or panels that do not conform to the grade they were represented as being

15.196. Off the Market

15.196.1. A trading term meaning that a seller is not currently soliciting

15.197. On Hand

15.197.1. A rolling unsold railcar that has stopped at at diversion point pending further orders from the shipper

15.198. On the Bumper

15.198.1. Synonymous with the term “on hand”, meaning

15.199. Open to reciprocal switching

15.199.1. A designation that no local switching fee will be charged to have railcars switched from one carriers to the delivering carrier

15.200. Open Units

15.200.1. Lumber that is not protected by paper wrap or poly under top tier

15.201. Order File

15.201.1. The sold but unshipped orders of a sawmill

15.202. Order Number

15.202.1. The unique number applied to a specific order, differentiating it from other orders

15.203. Oriented Strand Board (OSB)

15.203.1. Structural panels manufactured with compressed wood strands or wafers, oriented lengthwise and crosswise in layer, with a resin binder

15.204. Origin Reload

15.204.1. A reload set ip to be close to the supplier base rather than the customer base

15.205. Originating Carrier

15.205.1. The railroad servicing the sawmil from which a railcar is shipped

15.206. Oven Dry

15.206.1. Lumber from which all the moisture has been removed and thus has 0 percent moisture content

15.207. Paper caps

15.207.1. A type of paper wrapping

15.208. Paper wrap

15.208.1. Heavy paper, wrapped around the top and four sides of a unit of lumber, to protect it during transit and outside storage

15.209. Parallel strand lumber (PSL)

15.209.1. A type of engineered wood products

15.210. Partially Air Dried (PAD)

15.210.1. A lumber that has been stickered and allowed to air dry for some time, but still containing a moisture level above the 19% required for a “dry” designation

15.211. Pattern Work

15.211.1. A series of grooved and channels incised down the length of a piece of lumber as it goes through a planer

15.212. Pencil Trimming

15.212.1. An invoicing procedure whereby less board footage is invoice than is actually shipped

15.213. Pencil Wane

15.213.1. A term used to describe light to no wane

15.214. Per Car Charge

15.214.1. A flat fee charged for hauling a railcar from one place to another, regardless of the footage or weigh being shipped

15.215. Performance Standard

15.215.1. A standard for products designed to meet specific end-use application. A performance standard emphasized end use criteria rather than materials and methods used in manufacturing

15.216. Precision End Trimmed (PET)

15.216.1. see Precision end Trimmed

15.217. Piggyback Van

15.217.1. A van enclosed on the sides, fron, and top. It is loaded

15.218. Pith

15.218.1. The heart center or bullseye of a tree. Seen in cross-section, at the center of the annual growth rings

15.219. Placard

15.219.1. A sign placed on the outside of a boxcar, indicating the side from which the car should be unloaded

15.220. Planer

15.220.1. A piece of sawmill equipment that planes rough lumber, leaving it smooth and uniform in size

15.221. Planer Mill

15.221.1. Although sometimes a separate facility, the planer mill us usually that part of a sawmill where lumber is planed, graded and sorted

15.222. Ply

15.222.1. A single sheet of veneer. One complete piece of veneer in a sheet of plywood

15.223. Plywood

15.223.1. A plat panel made up of a number of thin sheets, or veneers, of wood in which the grain direction of each ply is at right angles to the one adjacent to it. The sheets of veneer are united, under pressure, by a bonding agent

15.224. Poly Under Top Tier (PUTT)

15.224.1. A way of giving some protection to unitized lumber by the insertion of a piece of plastic between the next-to-top and the top tiers

15.225. Precision end Lumber

15.225.1. Lumber trimmed smooth on both ends and varying no more than 1/16th’’ in no more than 20% of the pieces

15.226. Pressure-Treated Lumber

15.226.1. Lumber that has been saturated with chemicals to prevent rot or decay caused by living organisms

15.227. Price at the time of shipment (PTS)

15.227.1. An order committed to by both the buyer and seller, but not having a firm price until it is ready for shipment

15.228. Product of the run

15.228.1. A phrase that when an item is remanufactured into something else, the customer must pay for the entire output of the run, not just the portion that is on the grade.

15.229. PS 1

15.229.1. A product standard for plywood developed cooperatively by the Us department of commerce and the construction and plywood industry. Establishes requirements for the production, marketing and specifying of construction and industrial plywood. The standard covers virtually all plywood grades

15.230. PS 2

15.230.1. A product standard covering wood panels not provided.

15.231. Published Tariff

15.231.1. The standard, printed freight rate from an origin to a destination

15.232. Pulled to Length

15.232.1. Unitized lumber that contains only one length per package

15.233. Quote

15.233.1. An offer to sell at a specific price, in response to an inquiry

15.234. Radius Edge Decking (RED)

15.234.1. Lumber with a larger than normal eased edge

15.235. Rafter

15.235.1. A piece of lumber extending from the ridge of a roof to the eaves to provide framework for the roofing material in building construction

15.236. Ramp-to-Door

15.236.1. A piggyback van rate characterized by service from the railroad loading dock at the origin to the customers yard

15.237. Ramp-to-ramp

15.237.1. A piggyback van rate characterized by service from the railroad loading dock at the origin to the railroad loading dock at the origin to the railroad loading dock at the destination.

15.238. Random Lengths (R/L)

15.238.1. A lumber tally containing various lengths

15.239. Random Lengths Framing Lumber Composite Price

15.239.1. A broad measure of price movement in the north american lumber market, using a weighted average of 15 key framing lumber prices

15.240. Reciprocal Switching

15.240.1. An agreement between railroad companies

15.241. Reinspection

15.241.1. The process of manually regarding a shipment of lumber or panels believed by a customer to be off grade

15.242. Red-Flagged Orders

15.242.1. A credit term for orders taken but not shippable until earlier orders have been paid for

15.243. Reload Center

15.243.1. A lumber and panel storage and transshipment facility

15.244. Reload (Destination)

15.244.1. See destination reload

15.245. Remanufacturing Plant

15.245.1. Sometimes referred to as a reman plan, that is an operation where lumber is converted from one type wood product to another

15.246. Renege

15.246.1. To back out of a n order after it has been placed

15.247. Rerun (to pattern)

15.247.1. To return surfaced lumber to the planer, then return it to add a pattern

15.248. Resawing

15.248.1. The process of cutting lumber in two, parallel to its its wide face. For example making a 2x12 into two pieces of 1x12

15.249. Retort

15.249.1. A chamber used to pressure- treat lumber

15.250. Ripped and Bundled

15.250.1. a remanufacturing process in which lumber is ripped and then minor bundled

15.251. Ripping

15.251.1. The process of cutting lumber in two, perpendicular to its wide face. For example making 2 x 12 into two pieces of 2 x 6

15.252. Roller

15.252.1. An unsold railcar of lumber or panels that is loaded and moving toward a diversion point

15.253. Rough

15.253.1. Lumber that has not been planed or surfaced

15.254. Routing

15.254.1. A railcars itinerary from origin to destination, including interchanges and intermediate carriers.

15.255. Rule Tally

15.255.1. A method of tallying, individually, the board footage if pieces of lumber that are not cut or suraced to standard-width sizes. Usually used on factory lumber that is surfaced

15.256. Run - To plane rough lumber

15.257. S1S2E - Surfaced one side

15.258. S2S - Surfaced 2 sides

15.259. S4S - Surfaced 4 sides

15.260. S2S1E - Surfaced two sides, one edge

15.261. Sapwood

15.261.1. The usually lighter colored part of a log between the heartwood and the bark

15.262. Saw Sized

15.262.1. Lumber cut in the sawmill to the net sizes of surfaced lumber.

15.263. Scaled

15.263.1. A transportation term meaning weighed

15.264. Scant

15.264.1. Small than standard size,

15.265. Select

15.265.1. A high grade of lumber that allows few defects

15.266. Shake

15.266.1. A lumber defect referring to a separation of wood fiber through the annual growth

15.267. Sheathing

15.267.1. Plywood, OSB, or lumber used to close up side walls, floors, or roofs preparatory to the installation of finish materials on the surface

15.268. Shipment Time

15.268.1. The time indicated for a shipment of lumber or panels to leave a mill or reload center.

15.269. Shipper

15.269.1. The party paying the freight bill

15.270. Shop Cutting

15.270.1. A plywood panel that has been rejected as not conforming to the requirements of standard grades, but that can be sold for remanufacturing or re-cutting into applications other than those specified in grading rules or a product standard

15.271. Short Position

15.271.1. A speculative position in which one sells lumber or panels before it is bought.

15.272. Sidecuts

15.272.1. boards- usually 1x3, 1x4 or from thin slaves taken from the outsider of log. Slabs not thick enough to make dimension lumber

15.273. Siding (railroad)

15.273.1. A short dead-end track coming off a main rail line, on which rail cars are loaded and unloaded

15.274. Skip Dressing

15.274.1. Areas on a piece of lumber that fall to surface smoothly usually occurring when number has been sawn scant into the sawmill

15.275. Slasher Deck

15.275.1. The area of an osb mill where logs are sawn to uniform lengths before entering the waferizer

15.276. Slope of Grain

15.276.1. The angle formed by the intersection of the wood fibers with the side of a piece of wood

15.277. Softwood

15.277.1. Wood from trees commonly referred to as conifers or evergreens

15.278. Softwood Lumber Agreement

15.278.1. A seven year trade agreement signed by the U.S and Canada in october 2006, Governing the shipments of lumber produced in canada and exported to the US

15.279. Span Rating

15.279.1. The recommended center-to-center spacing of supports for structural panels. The ratin is a carried as part of the grade mark and, indicated the spacing in inches for various types of applications.

15.280. Splitter Head Ripped

15.280.1. Lumber that is ripped at the planner rather than with a saw blade. WHen a log is viewed in cross section, the summerwood is the dark rings

15.281. Springwood

15.281.1. Wood fiber that is produced during the spring of the year when moisture is plentiful and growth is rapid. When a is viewed in cross section. The springwood is

15.282. Square Edge

15.282.1. Lumber on which there is no wane and the edges have not been eased.

15.283. Standard Sawn

15.283.1. Lumber That is rough cut to smaller than full-sawn sizes yet large enough so that it still

15.284. Stickers

15.284.1. Spacers placed between the tiers of rough green lumber to aid air circulation as the lumber dries

15.285. Stopover Charge

15.285.1. A fee paid to a trucker for picking up or dropping off loads of lumber at two or more points

15.286. Strander

15.286.1. A machine in an OSB mills used to make strands

15.287. Strips

15.287.1. Another name for side cuts or jacket boards

15.288. Structural Panels

15.288.1. Any of various panels, notably plywood or OSB, designed to be used in applications where strength and stiffness are required. Such applications include rood, wall, and floor sheathing

15.289. Stud

15.289.1. A piece of dimension lumber, usually PET, used as an upright in wall construction

15.290. Stumpage

15.290.1. Timber not yet harvested

15.291. Subfloor

15.291.1. Material attached directly to the floor joists or laid on a concrete slab, on which the finished flooring is placed

15.292. Subject to Prior Sale

15.292.1. A trading phrase used to indicate that lumber being offered for sale may not be available at a later date

15.293. Sub Prior

15.293.1. An abbreviated term for “Subject to prior sale”

15.294. Summerwood

15.294.1. Wood fiber that is produced later in the year than the springwood. Because moisture is generally not a s plentiful, growth is less rapid that during the spring, WHen a log is viewed in cross sections, the summerwood is the dark rings

15.295. Surfaced

15.295.1. Lumber that has gone through a planer so that its side are smooth and uniform in size

15.296. Surface Measure

15.296.1. A method used for measuring lumber that considers the face area only. For example, a 2 X 2 12’ and a 1 x 4 12’ both contain the same board footage. WHen measured on a surface measure count

15.297. Surface Moisture

15.297.1. Rain or condensation on the outside of otherwise dry lumber. If placed in a dry, ventilated space, surface moisture will generally evaporate fairly quickly and will not permanently alter the dry condition of the lumber

15.298. Switch

15.298.1. To change a railcar from one carrier to another

15.299. Switching Fee

15.299.1. The charge for having a railcar switch from one carrier to another

15.300. Taking Delivery

15.300.1. A futures market term meaning one is going to actually receive a load of lumber against a long position held at the close of a futures contract

15.301. Tally

15.301.1. The thickness, width, and length piece count of lumber shipping on a particular order

15.302. Tax - Exempt Number

15.302.1. In states with state sales taxes covering the buying and selling of lumber, the tax exempt number must appear on the documentation to exempt the wholesale transaction from state taxes

15.303. Team Track

15.303.1. A public rail loading and unloading facility

15.304. Thousand Board Feet (MBF)

15.304.1. The unit of measure most frequently used in the lumber industry

15.305. Thousand Square Feet (MSF)

15.305.1. The unit of measure most frequently used in the panel industry

15.306. Tier

15.306.1. A horizontal course in a unit of lumber

15.307. Timbers

15.307.1. Lumber 5’’ or more in thickness

15.308. Tongue and Groove

15.308.1. Lumber or panels machined to have a groove on one side and a protruding tongue on the other, so that piece will fit snugly together, with the tongue of one fitting into the groove of the other

15.309. Tracing a Shipment

15.309.1. A transportation phrase meaning learning from the carrier the location of a load of lumber in transit

15.310. Trading

15.310.1. The buying, selling and transporting of wholesale quantities of lumber or panels

15.311. Transit

15.311.1. A term used to describe unsold lumber that may or may not have actually shipped from a mill

15.312. Transit Time

15.312.1. The time required to actually move a load of lumber from the origin to the destination

15.313. Twist

15.313.1. A defect referring to a deviation flatwise, in a piece of lumber, creating the form of a curl or a spiral

15.314. UDDB

15.314.1. Unitized double door boxcar

15.315. Underlayment

15.315.1. Structural panels designed to be used under the finished flooring in a structure

15.316. Unitized

15.316.1. Lumber that is steel or plastic banded together into units for forklift handling

15.317. Unit Size

15.317.1. The number of pieces of lumber in a unit

15.318. Unseasoned

15.318.1. Lumber that contains more than 19% moisture content

15.319. Upcharge

15.319.1. An extra charge for some additional service

15.320. Van-to-Flat

15.320.1. a special piggyback van rate in which the lumber is transported like a normal van shipment, except that prior to delivery, the lumber is reloaded from the van to a flatbed truck for delivery

15.321. Vertical Grain (VG)

15.321.1. Lumber sawn so that the wide face of the finished piece is approximately perpendicular (greater than 45 degrees) to the annual growth rings on the log

15.322. Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI)

15.322.1. an accounting system under which lumber physically in a buyers inventory is not paid for until it has been sold

15.323. Veneer

15.323.1. Wood peeled into sheets of a given constant thickness and combined with glue to produce plywood or laminated veneer lumber

15.324. Waferboard

15.324.1. A structural panel product made of randomly oriented wafers of woodbound together by rein, heat and pressure. Little wafer board is produced today; it has largely been superseded by OSB

15.325. Waferizer

15.325.1. A machine that converts wood bolts to wager, or stands, for use in waferboard or OSB

15.326. Wane

15.326.1. A limber defect referring to the absence of wood or the presence of bark along an edge or corner

15.327. Warp

15.327.1. a lumber defect referring to any combination of bow, crook, cup, or twist

15.328. Weekly Pricing Guides

15.328.1. reports published weekly by independent companies charting the prices of many common lumber and panel items

15.329. Weight-Based Rates

15.329.1. truck or rail rates in which the weigh being hauled is a significant factor in the shipping cost

15.330. West Coast Producing Region

15.330.1. The western part of the states of oregon and washington (west of the cascade mountains) and a bit of coastal northern california

15.331. Western

15.331.1. A term generally applied in the industry to lumber produced west of the rocky mountains in the US or Canada

15.332. Western Canadian Producing Region

15.332.1. The provinces of british columbia and alberta

15.333. Western Plywood

15.333.1. plywood produced mostly in those portions of washington and oregon ease of the cascade mountains, and in montana and idaho, using douglas fir, hem-fir, fir and larch,and white woods. The term sometimes is used more broadly to include softwood plywood produced west of the cascades as well.

15.334. Wet Bin

15.334.1. a storage bin for green wager or strands prior to drying

15.335. White Lumber

15.335.1. Treated 2-inch southern pine lumber generally sells for $50-65 per thousand more than the price of the same size and grade of untreated lumber

15.336. Wholesaler

15.336.1. Businesses that buy large volumes of lumber and/or panels, provide some type of service connected with them, and finally sell those products again, usually in an unaltered form