CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OF AIR POLLUTION

1. QUESTION 1 Discuss about air pollution composition and types of pollutant from oil palm industry? (Bincangkan mengenai komposisi pencemaran udara dan jenis pencemaran dari industri kelapa sawit?)

1.1. New Topic

1.2. AIR POLLUTION COMPOSITION/SOURCES The major primary pollutants include: •particulate matter (PM), • sulfur dioxide, •nitrogen oxides, •volatile organic compounds (VOCs), • carbon monoxide, and • lead. PERCENTAGE *WHAT THEY ARE* •CO(49.1%) •NOx(14.8%) •VOCs(13.6%) •SOx(16.4%) •PM(6.0%) *WHAT THEY COME FROM* •transportation(46.2%) •stationary source fuel combustion(27.3%) •industrial process (15.0%) •solid waste disposal (2.5%) •miscellaneous(9.0%)

1.3. COMPOSITION OF POLLUTANTS FROM OIL PALM Planting oil palm plantations where rainforests once stood could have unplanned and unwelcome side-effects on air quality, scientists say. Oil palm trees produce unusually high levels of so-called volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These react with nitrogen oxides (NOX) in the presence of sunlight to form ozone

1.4. TYPES OF POLLUTANTS FORM OIL PALM INDUSTRY Oil palms grow well in low-lying, tropical regions, which tend to house rainforests and peatlands. Home to an array of endangered species including orangutans, rhinos and tigers. ... *Burning of forests* to make way for palm pollutes the environment, and *deforestation* is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. The production of palm oil can result in *land grabs*, *loss of livelihoods* and *social conflict*, and *human rights are often violated on plantations.* The resulting conflicts have had a significant impact on the social welfare of many.

1.5. EFFECTS •Ecosystem intergrity loss •Biodiversity loss •Habitat loss •Air and water pollution •Human behaviour change •Flood

2. QUESTION 3 Explain about history of air pollution in malaysia / global. (Terangkan mengenai sejarah pencemaran udara di Malaysia / global.)

2.1. INTRODUCTION Air pollution had become a harsh consequence of industrial growth across the country and world. ... States began passing legislation to reduce air pollution. And in 1970, a milestone year, Congress passed the Clean Air Act Amendments which led to the establishment of the nation's air quality standards.

2.2. HISTORY IN GLOBAL The world's worst short-term civilian pollution crisis was the 1984 Bhopal Disaster in India. Leaked industrial vapours from the Union Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide, Inc., U.S.A. (later bought by Dow Chemical Company), killed at least 3787 people and injured from 150,000 to 600,000. The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollution event when the December 4 Great Smog of 1952 formed over London. In six days more than 4,000 died and more recent estimates put the figure at nearer 12,000.An accidental leak of anthrax spores from a biological warfare laboratory in the former USSR in 1979 near Sverdlovsk is believed to have caused at least 64 deaths. The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the US occurred in Donora, Pennsylvania in late October, 1948, when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured.

2.3. HISTORY IN MALAYSIA Air pollution has been an ongoing problem in many countries in the Southeast Asia region, and Malaysia is one of the worst affected. The main cause of this haze is the slash and burn practice by farmers and peat fires blown by the wind from Indonesia. especially Sumatra, which mainly affects the Peninsular Malaysia and Kalimantan, which mainly affects East Malaysia. A state of emergency was announced once in 2005 at Port Klang as the Air Pollution Index (API) went above the 500 level. Malaysia is working with the Indonesian authorities to help curb peat fires. Malaysia and Indonesia, together with other members of the ASEAN community, signed the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002 as a result of a 1997 haze. However, Indonesia is the only country that has not signed the agreement. A repeat incident in 2005 and 2006 has forced Malaysia and Singapore to pressure Indonesia to sign it.

2.4. The 2005 Malaysian haze was a week-long choking smog-like haze over Malaysia that almost brought the central part of Peninsular Malaysia to a standstill, prompted crisis talks with Indonesia and caused widespread inconvenience. The haze was at its worst on August 11, 2005. This was a comeback of the haze crisis which last hit Malaysia in September 1997.

2.5. The 2015 Southeast Asian haze was caused by mass illegal burning in Indonesia and resulted in over a month of haze in Malaysia, Singapore and parts of Thailand - triggering school closures and disrupting air travel. The haze was considered among the worst in history according to a NASA scientist.Researchers from Harvard and Columbia universities in the US estimated 6,500 people in Malaysia died prematurely due to the incident. But later, the claim was refuted by Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysian health authorities.

3. QUESTION 2 Elaborate the effects of air pollution to (Huraikan kesan pencemaran udara kepada)

3.1. ANIMALS •Air pollutants can poison wildlife through the disruption of endocrine function, organ injury, increased vulnerability to stresses and diseases, lower reproductive success, and possible death. •Animals will be threatened or die as a result of air pollution. This is because by the air entering the lungs of animals. Also, food from sources plants will be polluted by air pollution.

3.2. PLANT •Air pollutants cause damage to leaf cuticles and affect stomatal conductance. They can also have direct effects on photosynthetic systems, leaf longevity, and patterns of carbon allocation within plants. •The effects on plants are chlorosis (color change), and stunted growth. This effect will also cause some of the earth's population lacks food resources and the economy eventually disrupts daily life. In addition, the effect will disturb the balance of the ecosystem.

3.3. BELONGINGS •The long-term effects associated with air pollution are chronic asthma, pulmonary insufficiency, cardiovascular diseases, and cardiovascular mortality. According to a Swedish cohort study, diabetes seems to be induced after long-term air pollution exposure . • Impact on materials means damage occurs as a result of air pollution such as impurities on clothing, contamination on building wall surfaces and so on. This occurs as a result of the inhalation of smoke or fine particles. Metal corrosion as well is the effect of air pollution due to the presence of sulfur dioxide in the air.

3.4. HUMAN •Air pollution is considered as the major environmental risk factor in the incidence and progression of some diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, ventricular hypertrophy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, psychological complications, autism, retinopathy, fetal growth, and low birth weight. • The main effect of AIR POLLUTION on humans is the respiratory system. Gases such as carbon monoxide will poison the oxygen transport system in the blood and slowing down the human response. The next effect will be the person drowsiness, have fatigue and reduced lung function. Contaminated substances such as nitrogen oxide can cause edema and bleeding pulmonary. Contaminated substances such as ozone gas can cause irritation and will cause inflammation of the lungs and inability to move. Dust, smoke, fog, steam or other substances also obstruct the vision of the human eye. A World Health Organization (WHO) study has estimated 3.3 million people have died every year due to air pollution. It is three times higher than the total deaths caused by vehicle accidents.

4. QUESTION 4 Explain the good ozone VS bad ozone (Terangkan ozon baik VS ozon buruk)

4.1. GOOD OZONE •The stratosphere or "good" ozone layer extends upward from about 6 to 30 miles and protects life on Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. • 'Stratospheric ozone' is also known as "Good Ozone" as the absorption stratosphere ozone layer ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, prevents most of it from reaching the surface earth. Radiation in the UV spectrum has shorter wavelengths than visible light. UV rays with wavelengths between 280 and 315 nanometers are called UV-B, and damage almost all life forms. By absorbing most UV-B rays before reaching the earth's surface, the ozone layer protects the planet from the harmful effects of radiation.

4.2. BAD OZONE •'Tropical Ozone' is also known as "Bad Ozone" because of the earth's atmosphere low, close to the soil surface, ozone is formed when the contaminants are produced by cars, power plants, industrial boilers, chemical plants, and other sources of reaction chemically in the presence of sunlight. Ozone on the surface of the soil is a substance dangerous pollution. Ozone pollution has been a concern for months summer, when the weather conditions needed to form it - a lot of rays sun, hot temperatures - usually occur. Because it reacts strongly with other molecules, large concentrations of ozone near the soil proved to be toxic to living things. Vehicle exhaust motor and industrial emissions, gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents are some of the main sources NOx and VOC, also known as ozone precursors.