1. Structure of the Skeleton
1.1. Axial - the centre part to the skeleton e.g - cranium, ribs vertabral column
1.2. Appendicular - the attatchments of the skeleton eg - arms, legs. these allow movement
2. Ranges of movement
2.1. Flexion - when the angle between the bones is decreased
2.2. extension - when the angle between the bone is increased
2.3. Abduction - movement away from the midline of the body or other body part.
2.4. adduction - movement towards the midline of the body or body part
2.5. rotation - wherre the bone turns about its longitude axis within the joint
2.6. circumduction - combination of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation. true circumduction can only take place at all and socket joints
3. Functions of the skeleton
3.1. Support and Shape - gives shape, support and posture to the body
3.2. Movement - provides attachment for muscles and a system of levers
3.3. Protect - protects your vital organs. eg - brain is protected by the Cranium
3.4. Produce - bone marrow produces white blood cell and red blood cells.
3.5. Store - example calcium for healthy strong bones and teeth. Iron is found in your haemoglobin in the red blood cells and transports oxygen to your muscles.
4. What makes up a joint?
4.1. Cartilage - soft connective tissue, reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
4.1.1. Yellow Elastic Carlilage - flexible tissue in the ear lobe.
4.1.2. Hyaline/ blue articular carlilage - found on end surfaces of bones , provides a lubricant function, thickens as a result of exercise found in the knee.
4.1.3. White Fibro Cartilage - a tough tissue acts as a shock absorber and is found in the knee and between vertabrae.
4.2. Ligaments - bands of connective tissue between bones, attach bone to bone.
4.3. Tendons - Attach muscles to bones, strong and slightly flexible, exercise can strengthen tendons making the less prone to injury.
5. Types of Joint
5.1. Fixed - allows movement eg. cranium
5.2. Slightly moveable - allows some movement eg: vertebral column
5.3. Freely moveable (synovial)- allows a free range of movement eg: knee, elbow.
5.3.1. Types Of Synovial Joints
5.3.2. Hinge Joint - movement in one plane only, allowing flexion and extension
5.3.3. Pivot joint - allows rotation and is uniaxial.
5.3.4. Ball and socket joint - allows flexion, extension, rotation, abduction, adduction (all of these at once is circumduction)
5.3.5. Saddle Joint - when a concave surface meets a convex surface, it is bioaxial.
5.3.6. Gliding Joint - allows two flat surfaces to glide over each other and is bioaxial