1. bases
1.1. definition
1.1.1. reacts with acid
1.1.1.1. to form salt + water
1.2. soluble in water
1.2.1. alkali
1.2.1.1. OH- hydroxide ions
1.2.1.2. strength
1.2.1.2.1. strong
1.2.1.2.2. weak
1.2.1.3. pH > 7
1.2.1.3.1. strong
1.2.1.3.2. weak
1.3. physical properties
1.3.1. soapy, bitter(not to be used in exam)
1.3.2. Indicators
1.3.2.1. litmus
1.3.2.1.1. red to blue
1.3.2.2. universal indicators
1.3.2.2.1. strong
1.3.2.2.2. weak
1.4. chemical properties
1.4.1. base + acid
1.4.1.1. salt and water
1.4.2. base + ammonium salt
1.4.2.1. salt+ water + ammonia gas NH3
1.5. uses
1.5.1. agriculture
1.5.1.1. Ca(OH)2
1.5.1.1.1. netralises excess acids in soil
1.5.2. toothpaste
1.5.2.1. Mg(OH)2
1.5.2.1.1. neutralises acids on teeth
2. solubility
2.1. salts
2.1.1. soluble
2.1.1.1. all grp I
2.1.1.2. SPAN; sodium, potassium, ammonium, nitrates
2.1.1.3. all chlorides except SML(silver, mercury, lead(II)
2.1.1.4. all sulfates except BCL: Ba, Ca, lead(II)
2.1.2. insoluble
2.1.2.1. all carbonates except Grp I & SPA
2.1.2.2. SML chloride
2.1.2.3. BCL sulfates
2.2. oxide , hydroxides
2.2.1. soluble
2.2.1.1. all Grp I
3. salts
3.1. types of salts
3.1.1. soluble
3.1.1.1. Grp I & Ammonium salts
3.1.1.1.1. method
3.1.1.2. Not Grp I & NOT ammonium salts
3.1.1.2.1. method and reagents
3.1.2. insoluble
3.1.2.1. method
3.1.2.1.1. precipitation
3.2. naming
3.2.1. second name from acid
3.2.1.1. acid
3.2.1.1.1. HCl
3.2.1.1.2. H2SO4
3.2.1.1.3. HNO3
3.2.2. first name from
3.2.2.1. ammonium/ metal
4. acids
4.1. definition
4.1.1. dissolve in water
4.1.1.1. Hydrogen ions H+
4.2. strength
4.2.1. strong
4.2.1.1. dissociate completely in H2O to produce H+
4.2.2. weak
4.2.2.1. dissociate partially in H2O to produce H+
4.3. pH < 7
4.3.1. strong
4.3.1.1. pH 1-2
4.3.1.1.1. e.g HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
4.3.2. weak
4.3.2.1. pH 3-6
4.3.2.1.1. e.g organic acids : ethanoic acids(vinegar)
4.4. physical properties
4.4.1. sour (cannot use in exam
4.4.2. indicators
4.4.2.1. litmus
4.4.2.1.1. red to blue
4.4.2.2. Universal Indicator
4.4.2.2.1. strong
4.4.2.2.2. weak
4.5. chemical properties
4.5.1. Acid + base
4.5.1.1. neutralisation
4.5.1.1.1. salt + water
4.5.2. Acid + carbonate
4.5.2.1. salt + water + CO2
4.5.3. Acid + metal(K -Fe)
4.5.3.1. salt + H2
4.6. uses
4.6.1. H2SO4
4.6.1.1. detergent
4.6.1.2. car battery
5. Oxides
5.1. types
5.1.1. metal oxides
5.1.1.1. basic oxide
5.1.1.1.1. reacts with acids
5.1.1.1.2. dissolves in water
5.1.1.1.3. all metals and not LAZ oxides
5.1.1.2. amphoteric
5.1.1.2.1. reacts with acids
5.1.1.2.2. reacts with base
5.1.1.2.3. LAZ; lead(II), aluminium , zinc
5.1.2. non- metal oxides
5.1.2.1. neutral
5.1.2.1.1. do not react with acid or base
5.1.2.1.2. NO, CO and H2O
5.1.2.2. acidic
5.1.2.2.1. all non-metal oxides NOT NO, CO, H2O
5.1.2.2.2. dissolve in H2O
5.1.2.2.3. reacts with base