Human reproduction

1. Reproductive events in human (occur after puberty) 1. Gametogenesis: Formation of gametes i.e sperm in male and ovum in female 2. Insemination transfer of gamete into the female genital tract 3. Fertilisation: fusion of male and female gamete Leading to the formation of zygote 4. Implantation: Formation and development of blastocyst and attachment of blastocyst to the uterine wall for nourishment 5. Gestation: development of the foetus/embryo in mother's body( embryonic development) 6.Parturition : devilery of the body

1.1. New Topic

1.2. Difference b/w the reproductive events in the male and in the female. Male ☆Spermatogenesis start at time of puberty ☆ Spermatogenesis Formation continues even in Oldman Female ☆ oogenesis start during foetal life ☆oogenesis Formation of ovum ceases in women around the age of fifty years.( Oogenesis stops at menopause .(45-50 years)

1.2.1. Type of sex organ 1.Primary sex organ 》 formation of gametes 》secretion of sex hormones Male -testis - single (testis , testicle)=pairs Female- ovary single Ovaries- pairs Secondary sex organ 》Maturation of gametes 》Transportation of gametes ▪︎Male -epididymis , vasa deferenes ▪︎Female- fallopian tube, uterus, cervix etc.

2. Testes/testis one pair a pri. Sex organ Origin - mesodermal Oval shaped length 4-5cm ,width, and weight 14 gm In mammals , the testes are situated / located outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called scrotum The scrotum helps in maintaining the low temperature of the testes (2-2.5 lower than the normal internal body temperature) necessary for spermatogenesis ( the temperature in scrotum is 2-2.5 ° c below the temperature of abdominal cavity because Maturation of sperm needs low temperature. Testies of male baby are formed inside intra abdominal cavity testis migrate to scrotum 7 month pregnancy under the influence of testosterone and ABA . Testis produces spermatozoa and secrets the male hormone testosterone.

2.1. Internal structure of testes

3. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The Male reproductive system is located in the pelvic region ▪︎ A pair of testes - pri. Sex organ ▪︎ Accesory duct - rete testis, epididymis, vasa efferntia , vas deferenes ▪︎Accessory gland- Seminal vesicles, prostate gland , cowper's gland ( bulbourtheral glands) ▪︎ External Genitalia - penis +scrotum

3.1. Scrotum ▪︎ testis ▪︎ gubernaculum ▪︎ vasa deferenes ▪︎ epididymis ▪︎Inguinal canal ▪︎gemaster/ cremaster( sketal muscles) ▪︎dartos muscles( smooth muscles) ▪︎spermatic cord (artery, Vein, nerve, vasa deferenes, muscle ) ▪︎Scrotum is connected to the abdominal cavity through Inguinal canal Testis is connected to the dorsal abdominal cavity wall by a spermatic cord consisting of connective tissue. Gubernaculum is the ligaments connective cord elastic cord which connects testes to scrotal sac posteriorly. 》In bats , rats and otter testes descend to scrotal sacs only during breeding season 》Prototherians, whales and elephant have abdominal testes. Their temperature is low and cooling of testes is not required. 》Cryptorchdism - failure of testis to descend into scrotum 》 Orchidectomy - is the surgical removal of testes. It is known as castration.