1. Post Modern Globalization
1.1. Multilateral Interaction between comunities
1.2. Porous national boundaries
1.3. Languages, cultures and communities have become hybrid
1.4. Conditions give rise to new complexities of language use
1.4.1. English as a Lingua Franca
1.4.1.1. communication in Engish between speakers with different firsts languages
1.4.1.2. English in now spoken by 25% of World Population
1.4.1.3. More ELF conversations daily than conversations between native speakers
1.4.1.4. Regular features of ELF
1.4.1.4.1. Phonology
1.4.1.4.2. Lexicogrammar
1.4.1.4.3. Pragmatics
1.4.1.5. "What makes communication successful in fluid, dynamic context?"
1.4.1.6. KEY ELEMENTS of ELF communication
1.4.1.6.1. Accomodation
1.4.1.6.2. Use of Strategies to pre-empt or negotiate misunderstandings
1.4.1.6.3. Maintaining a smooth, collaborative interaction
2. Implications of WEs and ELF
2.1. World Englishes and English as a lingua franca raise questions about English language proficiency in a globalised world:
2.1.1. What it is
2.1.2. How to measure it
2.1.3. Who shoould have to demonstrate ir
2.2. The world Englishes Challenge
2.2.1. Native speaker norms should no longer be considered the standard in language assessments
2.2.1.1. Tests measuring formal "correcteness" (grammar, vocabulary or pronunciation"
2.2.1.1.1. Language tests are wrongly focused on judging against a stable variety
2.2.2. Isn't communication a two-way street?
2.2.2.1. Why should L2 users carry burden communication in ELF interaction?
2.2.2.2. Is there an assumption that L1 users of english are naturally the best communicators?
2.2.2.3. Do we also need to consider the ELF proficiency of L1 users of English in specific domains of communication?
2.3. Insight into processes of
2.3.1. Language Contact
2.3.2. Language Change
2.3.3. Linguistic Imperialism
2.3.4. Language Education
2.3.4.1. Specific challenges for those who assess the language proficiency of L2 users
2.3.4.1.1. Language Testing
3. The Spread of English
3.1. English has spread and continues to change
3.1.1. British Empire = initial spread
3.2. English + Indigenous languages = new varieties
3.3. Range of varieties
3.3.1. World Englishes
3.3.1.1. Examples of World Englishes
3.3.1.1.1. Australian English
3.3.1.1.2. Sri Lanka English
3.3.1.1.3. Hong Kong English
4. Model of World Englishes
4.1. Inner Circle
4.1.1. USA UK NZ CAN AUS
4.1.1.1. English as the dominant language
4.2. Outer Circle
4.2.1. India Jamaica Singapore Sri Lanka Ghana Bangladesh
4.2.1.1. Colonized by GBR and USA, used by some people
4.2.2. Varieties increasingly indigenised/legitimised
4.2.3. Similar pattern in the expanding circle
4.3. Expanding Circle
4.3.1. China Korea Egypt Japan Israel Nepal Saudi Arabia Most of Europe Russia
4.3.1.1. Foreign language in school, consumed in media