1. Copernican Revolution:
1.1. Kant's analogy comparing the epistemological advancement he made to Copernicus's astronomical revolution.
1.1.1. Objects conform to our knowledge.
2. Transcendental Idealism
2.1. Kant's belief that knowledge is a combination of experience and reason.
2.2. Instead of passively receiving information, our minds actively influence our understanding of reality.
2.3. Reality as it is in itself remains unknowable.
3. Epistemological Phenomenalism
3.1. People can never know objects in the world as they really are. Kant claims that we can only know phenomena not noumena.
3.2. Noumena vs. Phenomena
3.2.1. Noumena
3.2.1.1. Objects as they are, beyond human perception.
3.2.1.2. Noumena interact with the categories of understanding which are a priori or innate.
3.2.2. Phenonmena
3.2.2.1. Things as they appear to us, shaped by how we think.
3.2.2.2. The Interaction between reason and senses, which is a source of knowledge or truth.
4. Forms of Intuition
4.1. Space and time
5. How are synthetic A Priori judgments possible?
6. Categories of Understanding
6.1. Fundamental concepts that shape perception.
7. Epistemology
7.1. Epistemology, also known as knowledge theory, is the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limitations of human knowledge. It explores theories such as empiricism, rationalism, and skepticism.
7.1.1. Kant's Theory
7.1.1.1. According to Kant's epistemology sense and understanding are unified, forming knowledge through perception and concepts, and only being knowledgeable about what we actually experience.
7.1.1.2. "All our knowledge begins with the senses, proceeds then to the understanding, and ends with reason. There is nothing higher than reason"( Kant, 1781).
8. Empiricism vs. Rationalism
8.1. Kant formed a link between empiricists and rationalists. Kant thought that the human mind connects sensory data to innate knowledge attained through reason.
8.1.1. Rationalism
8.1.1.1. A philosophical approach influenced by Descartes, Spinoza, Pascal, and Leibniz, argues that knowledge is obtained from reason rather than experience, and that certain truths can be known as priori.
8.1.1.1.1. René Descartes
8.1.2. Empiricism
8.1.2.1. The theory of justification, defended by Hume, Locke, and Berkeley, asserts that true knowledge or justification is primarily derived from sensory experience and empirical evidence.
8.1.2.1.1. John Locke
9. A Priori Knowledge
9.1. Kant said that Priori Knowledge is "Knowledge that is absolutely independant of all experience” (Kant, 1787).
9.2. Based on reason and logical deduction.
9.2.1. Ex: Math: 7 + 5 = 12 Logic: All bachelors are unmarried
9.3. Kant posits that some synthetic knowledge can be known a priori.
10. Types
10.1. Analytic A Priori
10.1.1. True by definition
10.2. Synthetic A Priori
10.2.1. Based on factual but universally and necessarily true evidence.