1. CULTURE AND COGNITION
1.1. Polysemy
1.1.1. single lexeme that carries more then one meaning
1.2. Connotation
1.2.1. Meaning, associated with a word in addition to its literal meaning
1.3. Denotation
1.3.1. a relationship between a lexeme and that to which the lexeme
1.4. semantics
1.4.1. is the study of relationship between linguistic forms and structures and their meanings.
1.5. semantic differential
1.5.1. scale or a technique to measure the affective reaction of speakers of a language to words
2. LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND THOUGHT
2.1. Linguistic determinism
2.1.1. the assumption that the wayindividual thinks is determined to a significant degree by the language they speak.
2.2. Linguistic relativity
2.2.1. the view that structural differences among languages are reflected in the world views held by their speakers.
2.3. Honorific
2.3.1. a forms of word or phrase used to express politeness or respect.
2.4. Cultural determinism
2.4.1. the theory that culture determines how language and thought become manifested.
2.5. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis-
2.5.1. a theory of the relationship between language and thought;also known as the hypothesis of linguistic relativity
3. LANGUAGE AND IDEOLOGY
3.1. Hedge words
3.1.1. a word (or words) used to avoid sounding assertive and overly self-confident (e.g., perhaps or I guess)
3.2. Men
3.2.1. Use less descriptive affective language • Fine, good, or great
3.3. Female
3.3.1. More dynamic • Delightful, spectacular, charming, divine, lovely, etc. • Women more likely to use different names for color: • Beige, chartreuse, fuchsia, eggplant
3.4. Difference theory—or subculture theory
3.4.1. argues that men and women live in different linguistic worlds basically because they live in different subcultures. “[W]omen and men use specific and distinct verbal strategies and communicative styles
3.5. Tag Questions
3.5.1. The term refers to a question attached to an utterance to obtain the assent of the addressee,
4. LANGUAGE AND IDEOLOGY: CLASS, RACE, AND ETHNICITY
4.1. vernacular
4.1.1. the casual, normal spoken form of the language or dialect of the person’s speech community.
4.2. elaborated code
4.2.1. refers to the variety of language use characteristic of relatively formal speech situations. In such situations little, if any, reliance is placed on extralinguistic context to make the message fully meaningful.
4.3. Calques
4.3.1. direct translations of a word or phrase from one language into another.
4.4. Four language families
4.4.1. Indo-European Dravidian Autro-asiatic Tibeto-Burman
4.5. Dravidian language
4.5.1. is a group of languages that are spoken in South Asia and other countries:There are around 70–80 languages in the Dravidian family.